Ion Color Brilliance Brights Semi-Permanent Hair Color Titanium by Ion

Product Information

Owing to the important role of titanium compounds as polymerization catalyst, compounds with Ti-C bonds have been intensively studied. The most common organotitanium complex is titanocene dichloride ((C 5H 5) 2TiCl 2). Related compounds include Tebbe's reagent and Petasis reagent. Titanium forms carbonyl complexes, e.g. (C 5H 5) 2Ti(CO) 2. [49] Anticancer therapy studies The metal is a dimorphic allotrope of an hexagonal α form that changes into a body-centered cubic (lattice) β form at 882°C (1,620°F). [18] The specific heat of the α form increases dramatically as it is heated to this transition temperature but then falls and remains fairly constant for the β form regardless of temperature. [18] Chemical properties Pourbaix diagram for titanium in pure water, perchloric acid, or sodium hydroxide [19] The isotopes of titanium range in atomic weight from 39.002 u ( 39Ti) to 63.999 u ( 64Ti). [28] The primary decay mode for isotopes lighter than 46Ti is positron emission (with the exception of 44Ti which undergoes electron capture), leading to isotopes of scandium, and the primary mode for isotopes heavier than 50Ti is beta emission, leading to isotopes of vanadium. [13]

Titanium - 22 Ti: radii of atoms and ions - WebElements Titanium - 22 Ti: radii of atoms and ions - WebElements

metal displacement reactions e.g. the less reactive titanium is displaced by the more reactive sodium or magnesium. Titanium readily reacts with oxygen at 1,200°C (2,190°F) in air, and at 610°C (1,130°F) in pure oxygen, forming titanium dioxide. [12] Titanium is one of the few elements that burns in pure nitrogen gas, reacting at 800°C (1,470°F) to form titanium nitride, which causes embrittlement. [22] Because of its high reactivity with oxygen, nitrogen, and many other gases, titanium that is evaporated from filaments is the basis for titanium sublimation pumps, in which titanium serves as a scavenger for these gases by chemically binding to them. Such pumps inexpensively produce extremely low pressures in ultra-high vacuum systems. Following the success of platinum-based chemotherapy, titanium(IV) complexes were among the first non-platinum compounds to be tested for cancer treatment. The advantage of titanium compounds lies in their high efficacy and low toxicity in vivo. [50] In biological environments, hydrolysis leads to the safe and inert titanium dioxide. Despite these advantages the first candidate compounds failed clinical trials due to insufficient efficacy to toxicity ratios and formulation complications. [50] Further development resulted in the creation of potentially effective, selective, and stable titanium-based drugs. [50] History Martin Heinrich Klaproth named titanium for the Titans of Greek mythology. After extensive purification by fractional distillation, the TiCl 4 is reduced with 800°C (1,470°F) molten magnesium in an argon atmosphere. [12] Titanium metal can be further purified by the van Arkel–de Boer process, which involves thermal decomposition of titanium tetraiodide. The processing of titanium metal occurs in four major steps: reduction of titanium ore into "sponge", a porous form; melting of sponge, or sponge plus a master alloy to form an ingot; primary fabrication, where an ingot is converted into general mill products such as billet, bar, plate, sheet, strip, and tube; and secondary fabrication of finished shapes from mill products. [64]Around the same time, Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein produced a similar substance, but could not identify it. [9] The oxide was independently rediscovered in 1795 by Prussian chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth in rutile from Boinik (the German name of Bajmócska), a village in Hungary (now Bojničky in Slovakia). [51] [a]

Titanium - Element information, properties and uses

Titanium is not as hard as some grades of heat-treated steel; it is non-magnetic and a poor conductor of heat and electricity. Machining requires precautions, because the material can gall unless sharp tools and proper cooling methods are used. Like steel structures, those made from titanium have a fatigue limit that guarantees longevity in some applications. [14] The currently known processes for extracting titanium from its various ores are laborious and costly; it is not possible to reduce the ore by heating with carbon (as in iron smelting) because titanium combines with the carbon to produce titanium carbide. [51] Pure metallic titanium (99.9%) was first prepared in 1910 by Matthew A. Hunter at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute by heating TiCl 4 with sodium at 700–800°C (1,292–1,472°F) under great pressure [57] in a batch process known as the Hunter process. [8] Titanium metal was not used outside the laboratory until 1932 when William Justin Kroll produced it by reducing titanium tetrachloride (TiCl 4) with calcium. [58] Eight years later he refined this process with magnesium and with sodium in what became known as the Kroll process. [58] Although research continues to seek cheaper and more efficient routes, such as the FFC Cambridge process, the Kroll process is still predominantly used for commercial production. [8] [9] Titanium "sponge", made by the Kroll processCommon titanium-containing minerals are anatase, brookite, ilmenite, perovskite, rutile, and titanite (sphene). [20] Akaogiite is an extremely rare mineral consisting of titanium dioxide. Of these minerals, only rutile and ilmenite have economic importance, yet even they are difficult to find in high concentrations. About 6.0 and 0.7 million tonnes of those minerals were mined in 2011, respectively. [24] Significant titanium-bearing ilmenite deposits exist in Australia, Canada, China, India, Mozambique, New Zealand, Norway, Sierra Leone, South Africa, and Ukraine. [20] About 210,000 tonnes of titanium metal sponge were produced in 2020, mostly in China (110,000 t), Japan (50,000 t), Russia (33,000 t) and Kazakhstan (15,000 t). Total reserves of anatase, ilmenite, and rutile are estimated to exceed 2 billion tonnes. [24] 2017 production of titanium minerals and slag [24] Country