National Geographic Historic World Wall Map Series 1960-25 x 19 inches - Laminated

Product Information

All upcoming public events are going ahead as planned and you can find more information on our events blog September 30, 2022 - Russia annexes four regions from southeast Ukraine. This action is only partly recognized, and Russia did not control all the land. [1] To the East, the Roman empire has also been battered by Muslim armies. Other enemies, pagan tribes from central Europe, have occupied most of the Balkans. Permanyer, I., & Scholl, N. (2019). Global trends in lifespan inequality: 1950-2015. PLOS ONE, 14(5), e0215742. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215742

In France, centralized royal power has increased at the expense of the nobles, aided by the king’s cannons that can now make short work of previously impregnable baronial castles. This development will soon spread to other countries in western Europe, to create strong, centralized nation-states. These will provide the political underpinnings for European expansion to come. This period of European history has been dominated by revolution and war, and then by counter-revolution; and now European society is changed in the most radical way it has ever experienced.Meanwhile the Renaissance spread around Europe, helped by a revolutionary technological development, printing. In 1848, Nicholas utterly opposed the liberal revolutions in western Europe, and sent in troops to neighbouring Hungary to help the Austrians stamp out the revolution there. May 30, 1913 - Treaty of London is signed and the last of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans is conquered by the combined forces of the Balkan League

Graeco-Roman civilization has taken a major hit in these former Roman provinces, and society is experiencing huge changes. The city-based way of life enjoyed by the Romans is in steep decline. Later, Oleg of Novgorod won control of Kiev, thus founding the state of Russia. In this state, the Rus (Scandinavians) are a warrior and merchant elite exercising a loose authority over the surrounding Slav communities, from their small, fortified towns. January 18, 1871 - The German Empire is formed as one nation from a multitude of smaller German States. By this date, even Italy, the heartand of the old Roman empire, is under barbarian rule, with the king of the Ostrogoths ruling from Ravenna, formerly the seat of the western Roman emperors. The fall and survival of Roman civilization October 3, 1990 - The Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic merge. They take the name the Federal Republic of Germany.The past two centuries have seen the Ottoman empire conquer much of central Europe Europe. At the same time, however, explorers have opened up South and North America. to European colonization, and Africa and Asia to European trade. Renaissance, Reformation and Counter Reformation

Russia entered World War 1 on the side of Britain and France; however, the Russian Revolution of 1917 led the new Bolshevik (Communist) government to sign the Treaty of Brest-Ltovsk with Germany, taking Russia out of the war and giving away huge tracts of land to the enemy. Tsar Alexander I (1801-25) was intent on further westernisation and liberalisation. His plans for reform, however, had to be put on hold by the war against Napoleon. A movement known as the Enlightenment has gathered pace. The Enlightenment’s emphasis on reason has acted as a powerful stimulus to science, as well as to new thinking on political and social matters. It has had a deep influence on events across the Atlantic, where the founders of the new USA have designed an entire political system around Enlightenment principles. European rivalry and overseas expansionThese developments are laying the foundations for European global pre-eminence in the centuries to come. The past two and a half centuries have seen the Franks come to rule most of modern-day France and much of Germany. Their kings are active supporters of the Catholic church and its leaders, the popes (based in Rome). The Franks will shortly intervene in Italy to safeguard a pope against his enemies, the Lombards. In the second half of the 13 th century the Mongol empire divided into several branches, with the Mongols of the western steppes becoming known as the Golden Horde. The khan of the Golden Horde continues as overlord of the Russian princes. Since the mid-14 th century the princes of Muscovy have acted as intermediaries between the khan and the other princes, and by the mid-15 th century they have established themselves as the effective leaders of Russia. Bergeron-Boucher, M.-P., Alvarez, J.-A., Kashnitsky, I., & Zarulli, V. (2022). Probability of males to outlive females: An international comparison from 1751 to 2020. BMJ Open, 12(8), e059964. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059964

Barbieri, M., Wilmoth, J. R., Shkolnikov, V. M., Glei, D., Jasilionis, D., Jdanov, D., Boe, C., Riffe, T., Grigoriev, P., & Winant, C. (2015). Data Resource Profile: The Human Mortality Database (HMD). International Journal of Epidemiology, 44(5), 1549–1556. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyv105 December 1971 - Bangladesh (formerly East Pakistan) becomes independent from Pakistan after nine months of Bangladesh Liberation War. Aburto, J. M., Villavicencio, F., Basellini, U., Kjærgaard, S., & Vaupel, J. W. (2020). Dynamics of life expectancy and life span equality. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(10), 5250–5259. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1915884117 The Russians’ western neighbour, Poland-Lithuania, has been able to take advantage of the Russian princes’ subordination to the Golden Horde by expanding far into their territory. However, by this date the Golden Horde is in decline, with independent khanates being established in the Crimea and Kazan. New wealth has been devoted to the construction of magnificent cathedrals and churches across Europe. Some of it is also going into the foundation of new schools and universities. Learning is returning to the region. Much of this – especially in science, mathematics and medicine – is coming into Christendom from the Muslim world.During the 5th century the western provinces of the empire were overrun by German tribes. A number of Germanic kingdoms were established here, and their territories expanded to cover the entire territory of the former western empire. For a time, the whole of Western Europe was threatened by the fearsome Huns, a people from the central Asia who, under their king Attila, looked as if they might take over the whole Roman empire. In the event, however, they were defeated by a coalition of Romans and Goths (451). Pagan tribes still inhabit central, eastern and northern Europe. England is now divided amongst a group of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, with Celtic kingdoms to their north and west. Most of these have now converted to Christianity. The Soviet Union breaks up. The countries of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Kyrgyzstan are formed.