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However, when people deficient in a specific enzyme eat a large portion of uncooked faba beans, the vicine and convicine can cause their red blood cells to burst. The resultant hemolytic anemia, known as favism, has inevitably limited the potential use of faba beans. Although there are a number of faba bean varieties with low levels of vicine and convicine, the gene responsible for this trait was previously unknown. R. Aluko, O. Mofolasayo and B. Watts, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2009, 57, 9793–9800 CrossRef CAS PubMed . Total RNA sequencing was carried out for three biological replicates per condition. Eighteen libraries were prepared, and paired-end Illumina HiSeq mRNA sequencing (2 × 100 bp RNA sequencing) was performed by GeneWiz, which produced around 2 × 70 million reads per library on average. Adaptor sequences were removed using CLC Genomics Workbench 11 (CLC Bio Workbench, Qiagen). Only inserts of at least 30 nt were conserved for further analysis. Reads were mapped to the Hedin/2 genome using CLC Genomics Workbench 11 according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. The mapped reads for each transcript were normalized as total counts and used for calculating gene expression. Intact and broken pairs were counted as one. The total counts of each transcript under different conditions were compared using proportion-based test statistics 86 implemented in the CLC Genomic Workbench suite. This β-binomial test compares the proportions of counts in a group of samples against those of another group of samples. Different weights were given to the samples, depending on their sizes (total counts). The weights were obtained by assuming a β-distribution on the proportions in a group, and estimating these, along with the proportion of a binomial distribution, by the method of moments. The result was a weighted t-type test statistic. We then calculated a false discovery rate correction for multiple-hypothesis tests 87. Only genes with a minimum of ten reads for all compared conditions were considered in the analysis. Orthologous gene family identification Plant Genome and Systems Biology (PGSB), Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany Manganese. Fava beans are high in the mineral manganese. Your body uses manganese to maintain bone structure and strength. Getting enough manganese in your diet may help prevent osteoporosis and other bone problems. One cup of fava beans has about a third of your daily manganese needs.
Kang, Y.-J. et al. CPC2: a fast and accurate coding potential calculator based on sequence intrinsic features. Nucleic Acids Res. 45, W12–W16 (2017). An international team of researchers, led by the Universities of Helsinki and Copenhagen as well as Luke Natural Resources Institute Finland, has identified the gene responsible for the production of vicine and convicine, which are harmful to these people. In the work published in Nature Plants, the team reports that the VC1 gene plays a central role in the biosynthesis these compounds. Kumar, S., Stecher, G., Li, M., Knyaz, C. & Tamura, K. MEGA X: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms. Mol. Biol. Evol. 35, 1547–1549 (2018). Rhie, A., Walenz, B. P., Koren, S. & Phillippy, A. M. Merqury: reference-free quality, completeness, and phasing assessment for genome assemblies. Genome Biol. 21, 245 (2020). Effect of storage time. For all FBP samples, some increase in average particle size was observed after 14 days at pH 2, while at pH 7, no such change was observed upon storage ( Fig. 5a and b). For PP at pH 2, no increase was observed; rather, some drop in average particle size was observed for PP55 and PPI, which could be attributed to the loss of large oil droplets due to emulsion destabilization. At pH 7, DefPP55 and PPI showed a noticeable increase in droplet size after 14 days, which can be due to droplet flocculation and protein aggregation, as also observed by Yerramilli et al. 28 At pH 2, WPI and EWP emulsions showed no change upon storage, while at pH 7, only EWP showed a significant decrease in size after 14 days.Fava beans, or broad beans, are a type of bean that’s eaten around the world. They’re high in protein and other important nutrients. Eating fava beans can help with weight loss, aid in your body's immunity, and provide other health benefits. What Are Fava Beans?
Liao, Y., Smyth, G. K. & Shi, W. featureCounts: an efficient general purpose program for assigning sequence reads to genomic features. Bioinformatics 30, 923–930 (2014).
References
R. A. Judge, E. L. Forsythe and M. L. Pusey, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 1998, 59, 776–785 CrossRef CAS PubMed .
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