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HiNa Battery Technology Co., Ltd is, a spin-off from the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). It leverages research conducted by Prof. Hu Yong-sheng's group at the Institute of Physics at CAS. HiNa's batteries are based on Na-Fe-Mn-Cu based oxide cathodes and anthracite-based carbon anode. In 2023, HiNa partnered with JAC as the first company to put a sodium-ion battery in an electric car, the Sehol E10X. HiNa also revealed three sodium-ion products, the NaCR32140-ME12 cylindrical cell, the NaCP50160118-ME80 square cell and the NaCP73174207-ME240 square cell, with gravimetric energy densities of 140 Wh/kg, 145 Wh/kg and 155 Wh/kg respectively. [80] In 2019, it was reported that HiNa installed a 100 kWh sodium-ion battery power bank in East China. [81] Natron Energy [ edit ] a b Shakir, Umar (June 9, 2023). "Tesla is about to pull the plug on its main EV charging rival". The Verge . Retrieved June 14, 2023. In May 2023, the Ford Motor Company became the first large automaker to announce that it would use NACS with their electric vehicles. [18] Starting in 2025, new Ford electric vehicles will have native NACS charge ports and prior electric Ford models will be able to connect to NACS chargers by use of a NACS to CCS1 adapter.
Na through a spontaneous reaction. [21] This anode could operate at a high temperature of 90°C (194°F) in a carbonate solvent at 1 mA cm −2 with 1 mA h cm −2 loading, and the full cell exhibited a stable charge-dischrge cycling for 100 cycles at a current density of 2C. [21] (2C means that full charge or discharge was achieved in 0.5 hour). Despite sodium alloy's ability to operate at extreme temperatures and regulate dendritic growth, the severe stress-strain experienced on the material in the course of repeated storage cycles limits cycling stability, especially in large-format cells.Akinyele, Daniel; Belikov, Juri; Levron, Yoash (November 2017). " "Battery Storage Technologies for Electrical Applications: Impact in Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Systems" ". Energies (pdf). mdpi.com. 10 (11): 13. doi: 10.3390/en10111760 . Retrieved 17 March 2021. Lead–acid batteries have a ... round trip-efficiency (RTE) of ~70–90% Sodium-ion batteries have several advantages over competing battery technologies. Compared to lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries have somewhat lower cost, better safety characteristics, and similar power delivery characteristics, but also a lower energy density. Since the discovery of the intercalation pseudocapacitance in T-Nb 2O 5, a lot of efforts were devoted to exploring new materials with similar electrochemical behavior. In addition to T-Nb 2O 5, also spinel LiFeTiO 4, 52 MoO 3− x with oxygen vacancies, 75 and layered materials such as VOPO 4 nanosheets 76 and Ti 2CT x MXene 76 were proved to demonstrate intercalation pseudocapacitive behaviors. In the case of α-MoO 3− x, Dunn et al. found that the reduced α-MoO 3− x showed much higher rate capability and cycling stability than fully oxidized α-MoO 3. The authors proposed three reasons for the enhancement in the electrochemical performance, which all positively affected the intercalation pseudocapacity. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and density functional theory (DFT) results revealed an expanded b-lattice cell parameter for the reduced α-MoO 3− x relative to the oxidized α-MoO 3, which led to a larger interlayer spacing that promoted faster charge storage kinetics. Ex situ XRD measurements pointed to an irreversible electrochemically induced phase transition in the oxidized α-MoO 3 during Li + insertion/extraction. In contrast, α-MoO 3− x did not undergo a phase transformation following lithiation to 1.5 V, indicating better structural reversibility. Ex situ XPS measurements provided the information that α-MoO 3− x experienced increased conversion of Mo 6+ to Mo 4+ compared with MoO 3, which resulted in a capacity difference. Lithium Ion Battery Test – Public Report 5 (PDF) (pdf). ITP Renewables. September 2018. p.13 . Retrieved 17 March 2021. The data shows all technologies delivering between 85–95% DC round-trip efficiency.
Barker, J.; Saidi, M. Y.; Swoyer, J. L. (2003-01-01). "A Sodium-Ion Cell Based on the Fluorophosphate Compound NaVPO4 F". Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters. 6 (1): A1–A4. doi: 10.1149/1.1523691. ISSN 1099-0062. Kang, Kisuk; Lee, Seongsu; Gwon, Hyeokjo; Kim, Sung-Wook; Kim, Jongsoon; Park, Young-Uk; Kim, Hyungsub; Seo, Dong-Hwa; Shakoor, R. A. (2012-09-11). "A combined first principles and experimental study on Na3V2(PO4)2F3 for rechargeable Na batteries". Journal of Materials Chemistry. 22 (38): 20535–20541. doi: 10.1039/C2JM33862A. ISSN 1364-5501. SAE International Announces Standard for NACS Connector, Charging PKI and Infrastructure Reliability". SAE International (Press release). June 27, 2023 . Retrieved June 27, 2023. CharIN Response to Ford Announcement to use the NACS Proprietary Network". CharIN (Press release). June 2, 2023 . Retrieved June 21, 2023.as a new type of anode for sodium-ion batteries. A dissolution-recrystallization process densely assembled carbon layer-coated MoS 2 nanosheets onto the surface of polyimide-derived N-doped carbon nanotubes. This kind of C-MoS 2/NCNTs anode can store 348mAh/g at 2A/g, with a cycling stability of 82% capacity after 400 cycles at 1A/g. [27] TiS2 is another potential material for SIBs because of its layered structure, but has yet to overcome the problem of capacity fade, since TiS2 suffers from poor electrochemical kinetics and relatively weak structural stability. In 2021 researchers from Ningbo, China employed pre-potassiated TiS2, presenting rate capability of 165.9mAh/g and a cycling stability of 85.3% capacity after 500 cycles. [28] Other anodes for Na+ [ edit ] Peters, Jens F.; Peña Cruz, Alexandra; Weil, Marcel (2019). "Exploring the Economic Potential of Sodium-Ion Batteries". Batteries. 5 (1): 10. doi: 10.3390/batteries5010010. Kamiyama, Azusa; Kubota, Kei; Igarashi, Daisuke; Youn, Yong; Tateyama, Yoshitaka; Ando, Hideka; Gotoh, Kazuma; Komaba, Shinichi (December 2020). "MgO‐Template Synthesis of Extremely High Capacity Hard Carbon for Na‐Ion Battery". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 60 (10): 5114–5120. doi: 10.1002/anie.202013951. PMC 7986697. PMID 33300173.
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Uebou, Yasushi; Kiyabu, Toshiyasu; Okada, Shigeto; Yamaki, Jun-Ichi. "Electrochemical Sodium Insertion into the 3D-framework of Na3M2(PO4)3 (M=Fe, V)". The Reports of Institute of Advanced Material Study, Kyushu University (in Japanese). 16: 1–5. hdl: 2324/7951. a b Commercialisation of high energy density sodium-ion batteries: Faradion's journey and outlook. 2021. Journal of Materials Chemistry A. 9/13, 8279–302. A. Rudola, A.J.R. Rennie, R. Heap, S.S. Meysami, A. Lowbridge, F. Mazzali, et al. doi: 10.1039/d1ta00376c. Numerous research groups investigated the use of Prussian blue and various Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) as cathodes for Na +-ion batteries. The ideal formula for a discharged material is
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