Expecting the Unexpected: seeking the silver linings ...

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Because I had to travel a lot and was not always sure about my working hours, my husband had to be on standby for the children almost every day of the week, which was also not possible with his job. Furthermore, adolescents who estimate higher volatility in such environments may have both higher learning rates and engage in more exploratory or noisy choices (Jepma et al. To optimally adjust their learning speed, learners need to infer whether receiving an unexpected outcome (either a better- or worse-than-expected outcome) is caused by a change (due to volatility) or if it is a result of the random variance in the outcomes (i. For instance, recent animal work has shown that hormonal levels directly influence the organization of the prefrontal cortex and accelerated performance in a reversal learning paradigm (Piekarski et al. One important point to consider is that several of the tasks analyzed in our review, including those that involve volatile task environments (e.

They can help us to think about what we should be looking for, what we might hope to find and even how we might assess the evidence when it is unclear what it means or how to interpret it. Despite these differences, it seems that adolescents either performed comparable to adults (Bruckner et al. As crowdsourced user-generated content becomes an important source of data for organizations, a pressing question is how to ensure that data contributed by ordinary people outside of traditional organizational boundaries is of suitable quality to be useful for both known and unanticipated purposes.Semi-systematic literature reviews are used to integrate evidence on topics that are conceptualized and studied in different ways which may impede the process of a full systematic review and/or meta-analysis (Snyder, 2019).

The decrease in exploratory or noisy choices with age is therefore one potential mechanism by which adolescents might perform better when learning from volatile outcomes than when learning from only stochastic outcomes relative to adults.this parameter could be interpreted as a form of exploration, as decision noise, and sometimes these accounts are difficult to distinguish. In addition to cookbooks, Nava produces visual nonfiction books, including The Literary Ladies' Guide to the Writing Life. And you can forget even while you're pregnant that being taken seriously is so much harder when you have a big belly and tend to waddle like an elderly duck. except for one study that reported an increase in negative learning rates with age in adolescence but not in adulthood (Christakou et al.

One condition that is absolutely necessary to survive lives such as ours is having employers who are flexible. Neuroimaging findings show that in a learning context with outcome stochasticity, PEs scale with the activity in the ventral striatum, and medial PFC (Cohen et al. From this review, our findings indicate that adolescents, compared with children and adults, seem to have a relative advantage when learning from volatile outcomes. I said how hard it must have been to lose Jessica suddenly, without warning after a full term pregnancy. Neural networks involved in adolescent reward processing: An activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies.

Future studies are needed to test this relationship more directly and expose mechanisms through which adolescents gain this advantage in learning.