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a b c Strattman, Wayne (1997). Neon Techniques: Handbook of Neon Sign and Cold-Cathode Lighting (4thed.). ST Media Group International. ISBN 978-0-944094-27-3. The term can also refer to the miniature neon glow lamp, developed in 1917, about seven years after neon tube lighting. [1] While neon tube lights are typically meters long, the neon lamps can be less than one centimeter in length and glow much more dimly than the tube lights. They are still in use as small indicator lights. Through the 1970s, neon glow lamps were widely used for numerical displays in electronics, for small decorative lamps, and as signal processing devices in circuitry. While these lamps are now antiques, the technology of the neon glow lamp developed into contemporary plasma displays and televisions. [2] [3] History and science [ edit ] Gas discharge tube containing neon, which was first displayed by Ramsay and Travers; "Ne" is the symbol for neon, one of the chemical elements. a b Popper, Frank (2009). "Neon". Grove Art Online. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2011-05-16.
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a b c Weber, Larry F. (April 2006). "History of the plasma display panel". IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science. 34 (2): 268–278. Bibcode: 2006ITPS...34..268W. doi: 10.1109/TPS.2006.872440. S2CID 20290119. Neon was discovered in 1898 by the British scientists William Ramsay and Morris W. Travers. After obtaining pure neon from the atmosphere, they explored its properties using an "electrical gas-discharge" tube that was similar to the tubes used for neon signs today. Georges Claude, a French engineer and inventor, presented neon tube lighting in essentially its modern form at the Paris Motor Show, December 3–18, 1910. [4] [5] [6] Claude, sometimes called "the Edison of France", [7] had a near monopoly on the new technology, which became very popular for signage and displays in the period 1920–1940. Neon lighting was an important cultural phenomenon in the United States in that era; [8] by 1940, the downtowns of nearly every city in the US were bright with neon signage, and Times Square in New York City was known worldwide for its neon extravagances. [9] [10] There were 2,000 shops nationwide designing and fabricating neon signs. [11] [12] The popularity, intricacy, and scale of neon signage for advertising declined in the U.S. following the Second World War (1939–1945), but development continued vigorously in Japan, Iran, and some other countries. [11] In recent decades architects and artists, in addition to sign designers, have again adopted neon tube lighting as a component in their works. [11] [13] [14] You can never go wrong with blue. Whether you are planning a special event or you are looking to beautify your space, our blue neon signs will give you that touch of beauty, style, and cool that you are aiming for. Our collection of blue neon signs includes multiple shades of blue so you can always find the right fit to complement your home or office décor. US 1125476,Georges Claude,"Systems of Illuminating by Luminescent Tubes",issued 1915-01-19 See reproduction of patent.Fleming, J. A. (October 1904). "The Propagation of Electric Waves along Spiral Wires, and on an Appliance for Measuring the Length of Waves Used in Wireless Telegraphy". Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. Sixth Series. 8 (46): 417. doi: 10.1080/14786440409463212. Fleming used a tube of neon, without electrodes, to explore the amplitudes of radiofrequency waves by examining the intensity of the tube's light emission. He had obtained his neon directly from its discoverer, Ramsay. When Georges Claude demonstrated an impressive, practical form of neon tube lighting in 1910, he apparently envisioned that it would be used as a form of lighting, which had been the application of the earlier Moore tubes that were based on nitrogen and carbon dioxide discharges. Claude's 1910 demonstration of neon lighting at the Grand Palais (Grand Palace) in Paris lit a peristyle of this large exhibition space. [6] Claude's associate, Jacques Fonseque, realized the possibilities for a business based on signage and advertising. By 1913 a large sign for the vermouth Cinzano illuminated the night sky in Paris, and by 1919 the entrance to the Paris Opera was adorned with neon tube lighting. [11] a b c van Dulken, Stephen (2002). Inventing the 20th century: 100 inventions that shaped the world: from the airplane to the zipper. New York University Press. p.42. ISBN 978-0-8147-8812-7. San Jose, California is one of many cities that had an anti-neon ordinance; see Gaura, Maria Alicia (August 26, 1998). "San Jose Changes Neon Sign Ordinance / Way is cleared for Knight Ridder offices". San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2010-11-27. Before yesterday's 8-to-2 vote to revise the ordinance, rooftop signs were not allowed on San Jose high-rise buildings, nor were colored neon signs. In addition, the maximum allowable size of signs on high-rise buildings was only 750 square feet.
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Fox, Margalit (August 18, 2006). "Rudi Stern, Artist Whose Medium Was Light, Dies at 69". The New York Times. Immediately following neon's discovery, neon tubes were used as scientific instruments and novelties. [16] However, the scarcity of purified neon gas precluded its prompt application for electrical gas-discharge lighting along the lines of Moore tubes, which used more common nitrogen or carbon dioxide as the working gas, and enjoyed some commercial success in the US in the early 1900s. [1] [17] After 1902, Georges Claude's company in France, Air Liquide, began producing industrial quantities of neon as a byproduct of the air liquefaction business. From December 3 to 18, 1910, Claude demonstrated two large (12-metre (39ft) long), bright red neon tubes at the Paris Motor Show. [4] [5] Vegas Vic, a 40-foot (12m) tall neon sign built in 1951 for the Pioneer Club in Las Vegas, Nevada. The sign, built by the Young Electric Sign Company, shows the elaborate artistic effects that can be achieved. [18] Display of neon lighting samples in a glass studio
ANSI Luminous Tube Footage Chart" (PDF). American National Standards Institute (ANSI). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-16 . Retrieved 2012-06-01. Reproduction of a chart in the catalog of a lighting company in Toronto; the original ANSI specification is not given.
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The Second World War (1939–1945) arrested new sign installations around most of the world. Following the war, the industry resumed. Marcus Thielen writes of this era, "...after World War II, government programs were established to help re-educate soldiers. The Egani Institute (New York City) was one of few schools in the country that taught neon-trade secrets. The American streamlined design from the 1950s would be unimaginable without the use of neon." [14] The development of Las Vegas, Nevada as a resort city is inextricably linked with neon signage; Tom Wolfe wrote in 1965, "Las Vegas is the only city in the world whose skyline is made neither of buildings, like New York, nor of trees, like Wilbraham, Massachusetts, but signs. One can look at Las Vegas from a mile away on route 91 and see no buildings, no trees, only signs. But such signs! They tower. They revolve, they oscillate, they soar in shapes before which the existing vocabulary of art history is helpless." [27]
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Neon lighting is closely related to fluorescent lighting, which developed about 25 years after neon tube lighting. [12] In fluorescent lights, the light emitted by rarefied gases within a tube is used exclusively to excite fluorescent materials that coat the tube, which then shine with their own colors that become the tube's visible, usually white, glow. Fluorescent coatings and glasses are also an option for neon tube lighting, but are usually selected to obtain bright colors.
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