Bombing Colours: British Bomber Camouflage and Markings 1914-1937

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An estimated 90,000 to 140,000 people in Hiroshima (up to 39 percent of the population) and 60,000 to 80,000 people in Nagasaki (up to 32 percent of the population) died in 1945, [120] though the number which died immediately as a result of exposure to the blast, heat, or due to radiation, is unknown. One Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission report discusses 6,882 people examined in Hiroshima and 6,621 people examined in Nagasaki, who were largely within 2,000 meters (6,600ft) of the hypocenter, who suffered injuries from the blast and heat but died from complications frequently compounded by acute radiation syndrome (ARS), all within about 20 to 30 days. [268] [269] Many people not injured by the blast eventually died within that timeframe as well after suffering from ARS. At the time, the doctors had no idea what the cause was and were unable to effectively treat the condition. [248] Midori Naka was the first death officially certified to be the result of radiation poisoning or, as it was referred to by many, the "atomic bomb disease". She was some 650 meters (2,130ft) from the hypocenter at Hiroshima and would die on 24 August 1945 after traveling to Tokyo. It was unappreciated at the time but the average radiation dose that would kill approximately 50 percent of adults (the LD50) was approximately halved; that is, smaller doses were made more lethal when the individual experienced concurrent blast or burn polytraumatic injuries. [270] Conventional skin injuries that cover a large area frequently result in bacterial infection; the risk of sepsis and death is increased when a usually non-lethal radiation dose moderately suppresses the white blood cell count. [271] And here is the silver lining – adding the smoke to a photography project has never been so simple, our smoke products are small, compact, and extremely easy to use. POW's Remarkable Escapes in Nagasaki". The Argus. Melbourne: National Library of Australia. 19 September 1945. p.20 . Retrieved 22 February 2014. The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima, Aug6, 1945". United States Department of Energy. Archived from the original on 24 June 2010 . Retrieved 25 June 2010.

Heath, Clark W. (5 August 1992). "The Children of Atomic Bomb Survivors: A Genetic Study". JAMA. 268 (5): 661–662. doi: 10.1001/jama.1992.03490050109039. ISSN 0098-7484. Broad, William J. (13 October 1992). "New Study Questions Hiroshima Radiation". The New York Times. a b c National Research Council (1990). Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BEIR V. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1224. ISBN 978-0-309-03995-6. PMID 25032334– via nap.edu. a b c "Timeline #3- the 509th; The Nagasaki Mission". The Atomic Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on 11 February 2012 . Retrieved 5 May 2007. Birth defects among the children of atomic-bomb survivors (1948–1954)". Radiation Effects Research Foundation . Retrieved 22 December 2013.Leslie Nakashima, a former United Press (UP) journalist, filed the first personal account of the scene to appear in American newspapers. He observed that large numbers of survivors continued to die from what later became recognized as radiation poisoning. [246] On 31 August, The New York Times published an abbreviated version of his 27 August UP article. Nearly all references to uranium poisoning were omitted. An editor's note was added to say that, according to American scientists, "the atomic bomb will not have any lingering after-effects." [247] [246] A telegram sent by Fritz Bilfinger, delegate of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), on 30 August 1945 from Hiroshima Lawrence Litz's Interview (2012)". Voices of the Manhattan Project. Archived from the original on 1 March 2019 . Retrieved 27 February 2015. What is Radiation?", Radiation Effects and Sources, United Nations, pp.3–10, 12 September 2016, doi: 10.18356/64ea2039-en, ISBN 978-92-1-059959-7, S2CID 124536768

The Bombing of Nagasaki After Yosuke Yamahata: A collection of 24 photographs taken the day after the bombing, [Japan] 1945–46". Bonhams . Retrieved 5 December 2016.How Effective Was Navajo Code? One Former Captive Knows". News from Indian Country. August 1997 . Retrieved 15 September 2013.

Japan Broadcasting Corporation, ed. (1977). Unforgettable fire: Pictures drawn by atomic bomb survivors. Pantheon Books. Har du et farvebehandlet hår, så er farvebomber et must – mellem farvebehandlingerne kan du derhjemme opfriske og intensivere eller helt forvandle din hårfarve, afhængig af hvilket look og farvenuance du ønsker. Birth defects among the children of atomic-bomb survivors (1948–1954)". Radiation Effects Research Foundation . Retrieved 2 February 2014.Kleeman, Sophie (29 July 2014). "The Untold Story of How Japanese Steel Workers Saved Their City From the Atomic Bomb". Mic.

Streffer, Christian (2007). "Biological Effects of Prenatal Irradiation". Ciba Foundation Symposium 203 – Health Impacts of Large Releases of Radionuclides. Novartis Foundation Symposia. pp.155–166. doi: 10.1002/9780470515006.ch11. ISBN 978-0-470-51500-6. Additional bombs will be delivered on the above targets as soon as made ready by the project staff. Further instructions will be issued concerning targets other than those listed above. [98] Blot, William J.; Miller, Robert W. (1973). "Mental Retardation Following In Utero Exposure to the Atomic Bombs of Hiroshima and Nagasaki". Radiology. 106 (3): 617–619. doi: 10.1148/106.3.617. PMID 4684805. Significant increases at doses greater than 50 rads in Hiroshima and 200 in Nagasaki were found, with the risk of mental retardation generally rising directly with increasing dose. The lower dose-effect in Hiroshima may have been due to irradiation by neutrons which were virtually absent in Nagasaki. Wellerstein, Alex. "Henry Stimson didn't go to Kyoto on his honeymoon". Restricted Data: The Nuclear Secrecy Blog . Retrieved 25 July 2023. The book Hiroshima, written by Pulitzer Prize winner John Hersey and originally published in article form in The New Yorker, [257] is reported to have reached Tokyo in English by January 1947, and the translated version was released in Japan in 1949. [258] [259] [260] It narrated the stories of the lives of six bomb survivors from immediately prior to, and months after, the dropping of the Little Boy bomb. [257] Beginning in 1974, a compilation of drawings and artwork made by the survivors of the bombings began to be compiled, with completion in 1977, and under both book and exhibition format, it was titled The Unforgettable Fire. [261] Life among the rubble in Hiroshima in March and April 1946. Film footage taken by Lieutenant Daniel A. McGovern (director) and Harry Mimura (cameraman) for a United States Strategic Bombing Survey project.

The survivors of the bombings are called hibakusha ( 被爆者, pronounced [çibaꜜkɯ̥ɕa] or [çibakɯ̥ꜜɕa]), a Japanese word that literally translates to "explosion-affected people". The Japanese government has recognized about 650,000 people as hibakusha. As of March 31, 2023 [update], 113,649 were still alive, mostly in Japan. [296] The government of Japan recognizes about one percent of these as having illnesses caused by radiation. [297] [ bettersourceneeded] The memorials in Hiroshima and Nagasaki contain lists of the names of the hibakusha who are known to have died since the bombings. Updated annually on the anniversaries of the bombings, as of August 2023 [update], the memorials record the names of 535,000 hibakusha; 339,227 in Hiroshima [298] and 195,607 in Nagasaki. [299]