The Florentines: From Dante to Galileo

Product Information

Valori climatici normali in Italia". Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023 . Retrieved 17 September 2023. On 23 May 1498, the same Savonarola and two followers were hanged and burnt at the stake. (A round plate in the ground marks the spot where he was hanged) Dinelli, Enrico (January 2005). "Sources of major and trace elements in the stream sediments of the Arno river catchment (northern Tuscany, Italy)". Geochemical Journal. 39 (6): 531–545. Bibcode: 2005GeocJ..39..531D. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.605.4368. doi: 10.2343/geochemj.39.531. S2CID 129636310 . Retrieved 15 February 2020– via ResearchGate. Map showing the Arno river catchment and its major tributaries, the largest towns, and the sampling stations subdivided according to the sampling year. Coordinates refer to UTM32T (ED50) system. Renaissance Artists". library.thinkquest.org. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010 . Retrieved 28 September 2010.

In 1304, the war between the Ghibellines and the Guelphs led to a great fire that destroyed much of the city. Napier gives the following account: Florence was home to the Medici, one of European history's most important noble families. Lorenzo de' Medici was considered a political and cultural mastermind of Italy in the late 15th century. Two members of the family were popes in the early 16th century: Leo X and Clement VII. Catherine de Medici married King Henry II of France and, after his death in 1559, reigned as regent in France. Marie de' Medici married Henry IV of France and gave birth to the future King Louis XIII. The Medici reigned as Grand Dukes of Tuscany, starting with Cosimo I de' Medici in 1569 and ending with the death of Gian Gastone de' Medici in 1737. Archdiocese of Firenze {Florence}" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved 7 October 2016. The country's second capital city was superseded by Rome six years later, after the withdrawal of the French troops allowed the capture of Rome.Florence replaced Turin as Italy's capital in 1865 and, in an effort to modernise the city, the old market in the Piazza del Mercato Vecchio and many medieval houses were pulled down and replaced by a more formal street plan with newer houses. The Piazza (first renamed Piazza Vittorio EmanueleII, then Piazza della Repubblica, the present name) was significantly widened and a large triumphal arch was constructed at the west end. This development was unpopular and was prevented from continuing by the efforts of several British and American people living in the city. [ citation needed] A museum recording the destruction stands nearby today. The Duomo of Florence | Tripleman". tripleman.com. Archived from the original on 6 December 2009 . Retrieved 25 March 2010. Margrave Hugo chose Florence as his residency instead of Lucca around 1000AD. The Golden Age of Florentine art began around this time. In 1100, Florence was a " commune", meaning a city-state. The city's primary resource was the Arno river, providing power and access for the industry (mainly textile industry), and access to the Mediterranean sea for international trade, helping the growth of an industrious merchant community. The Florentine merchant banking skills became recognised in Europe after they brought decisive financial innovation (e.g. bills of exchange, [21] double-entry bookkeeping system) to medieval fairs. This period also saw the eclipse of Florence's formerly powerful rival Pisa. [22] The growing power of the merchant elite culminated in an anti-aristocratic uprising, led by Giano della Bella, resulting in the Ordinances of Justice [23] which entrenched the power of the elite guilds until the end of the Republic. Euromonitor International's Top City Destinations Ranking". Euromonitor.com. 2016 . Retrieved 1 July 2017. The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Firenze, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 59 min. 13% of public transit riders ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 14 min, while 22% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 4.1km, while 3% travel for over 12km in a single direction. [122] Airport [ edit ] Florence Airport

Florence has large numbers of art-filled churches, such as San Miniato al Monte, San Lorenzo, Santa Maria Novella, Santa Trinita, Santa Maria del Carmine, Santa Croce, Santo Spirito, the Annunziata, Ognissanti and numerous others. [11] The Palazzo della Signoria, better known as the Palazzo Vecchio (English: The Old Palace)Sciacca, Christine (2012). Florence at the Dawn of the Renaissance: Painting and Illumination, 1300–1500. Getty Publications. ISBN 978-1-60606-126-8. Archived from the original on 20 September 2012 . Retrieved 12 February 2016. Meanwhile, melt the chocolate in a bowl over a saucepan of simmering water, then, using a spoon, drizzle it over the florentines.

Florence also contains various parks and gardens. Such include the Boboli Gardens, the Parco delle Cascine, the Giardino Bardini and the Giardino dei Semplici, amongst others. Spruyt, H. (1996). The Sovereign State and Its Competitors: An Analysis of Systems Change. Princeton University Press. p.132. ISBN 9780691029108 . Retrieved 27 October 2014. Between the birth of Dante in 1265 and the death of Galileo in 1642 something happened which completely revolutionized Western civilization. Painting, sculpture and architecture would all visibly change in a striking fashion. Likewise, the thought and self-conception of humanity would take on a completely different aspect. Sciences would be born – or emerge in an entirely new guise. Grove Press An imprint of Grove Atlantic, an American independent publisher, who publish in the UK through Atlantic Books. During World War II the city experienced a year-long German occupation (1943–1944) being part of the Italian Social Republic. Hitler declared it an open city on 3 July 1944 as troops of the British 8th Army closed in. [33] In early August, the retreating Germans decided to demolish all the bridges along the Arno linking the district of Oltrarno to the rest of the city, making it difficult for troops of the 8th Army to cross. At the last moment, Charles Steinhauslin, at the time consul of 26 countries in Florence, convinced the German general in Italy that the Ponte Vecchio was not to be destroyed due to its historical value. [ citation needed] Instead, an equally historic area of streets directly to the south of the bridge, including part of the Corridoio Vasariano, was destroyed using mines. Since then the bridges have been restored to their original forms using as many of the remaining materials as possible, but the buildings surrounding the Ponte Vecchio have been rebuilt in a style combining the old with modern design. Shortly before leaving Florence, as they knew that they would soon have to retreat, the Germans executed many freedom fighters and political opponents publicly, in streets and squares including the Piazza Santo Spirito. [ citation needed] 1/5 Mahratta Light Infantry, Florence, 28 August 1944Kirchgaessner, Stephanie (6 December 2015). "Florence seeks a better class of tourist to share its besieged medieval treasures". The Guardian . Retrieved 28 October 2017. Eimerl, Sarel (1967). The World of Giotto: c. 1267–1337. et al. Time-Life Books. p. 184. ISBN 0-900658-15-0. Baronta, Callai, Cascine del Riccio, Croce di Via, Ema I, Ema II, Montignano-Ugnano, Parigi, Piazza Calda, Pontignale, San Michele a Monteripaldi Studies by Euromonitor International have concluded that cultural and history-oriented tourism is generating significantly increased spending throughout Europe. [62] Chant, C.; Goodman, D. (2005). Pre-Industrial Cities and Technology. Taylor & Francis. p.141. ISBN 9781134636204 . Retrieved 27 October 2014.

As of 31October2010 [update], the population of the city proper is 370,702, while Eurostat estimates that 696,767 people live in the urban area of Florence. The Metropolitan Area of Florence, Prato and Pistoia, constituted in 2000 over an area of roughly 4,800 square kilometres (1,850sqmi), is home to 1.5million people. Within Florence proper, 46.8% of the population was male in 2007 and 53.2% were female. Minors (children aged 18 and less) totalled 14.10% of the population compared to pensioners, who numbered 25.95 percent. This compares with the Italian average of 18.06 percent (minors) and 19.94 percent (pensioners). The average age of Florence resident is 49 compared to the Italian average of 42. In the five years between 2002 and 2007, the population of Florence grew by 3.22 percent, while Italy as a whole grew by 3.56 percent. [50] The birth rate of Florence is 7.66 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.45 births. Chamberlin, Russell (22 May 2008). Travellers Florence & Tuscany, 3rd: Guides to Destinations Worldwide. Thomas Cook Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84157-844-6 . Retrieved 11 March 2010. Set a heatproof bowl over a pan of simmering water, without letting the bowl touch the water. Temper the chocolate by breaking half of the chocolate into the bowl. Stir until the chocolate reaches a melting temperature of 53C/127F. Meanwhile, finely chop or grate the remaining chocolate.The language spoken in the city during the 14th century came to be accepted as the model for what would become the Italian language. Thanks especially to the works of the Tuscans Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio, [16] the Florentine dialect, above all the local dialects, was adopted as the basis for a national literary language. [17] [18] The war with Avignon papacy strained the regime. In 1378 discontented wool workers revolted. The Ciompi revolt, as it is known, established a revolutionary commune. In 1382 the wealthier classes crushed the seeds of rebellion. [15] Schevill, Ferdinand (1936). History of Florence: From the Founding of the City Through the Renaissance. New York, Harcourt, Brace and Co.