The Northumbrians: North-East England and Its People: A New History

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In the time of Bede, there were five languages in Britain: English, British, Irish, Pictish, and Latin. [c] [128] Northumbrian was one of four distinct dialects of Old English, along with Mercian, West Saxon, and Kentish. [129] Analysis of written texts, brooches, runes and other available sources shows that Northumbrian vowel pronunciation differed from West Saxon. [130] In 866 Ivar the Boneless captured the lands between the Humber and Tees (former Deira) and founded Scandinavian Kingdom of York. The lands north of the Tees lay outside of the immediate control of the Scandinavian Kings and remained under Anglian rule. The Earls of Bamburgh or Kings of the North Saxons, successors to the Bernician and later Northumbrian kings, continued to rule the lands north of the Tyne, while the Community of St. Cuthbert or Haliwerfolc, successors to the See of Lindisfarne, emerged as the rulers of the lands between the Tyne and Tees. Both Bamburgh and the Community of St. Cuthbert presented themselves as the successors of the Kingdom of Northumbria. [15] The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle notes the change from raiding to settlement when it records that in 876 the Vikings "Shared out the land of the Northumbrians and they proceeded to plough and support themselves" [16] However, Scandinavian settlement was concentrated south of the Tees and penetrated only a short distance north thereof, terminating beyond Teesdale. This is attested by place-name evidence, which suggests that County Durham and Northumberland were not settled by Scandinavians to the extent that Yorkshire and other parts of Northern England were. [17] Northumbrian hegemony over northern Britain is dealt a painful blow when King Ecgfrith is killed by Pictish forces at the battle of Nechtansmere. Bede; Stephanus, Eddius; Farmer, David Hugh (1983). The Age of Bede. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Penguin. ISBN 9780140444377.

Ecgfrith succeeded Oswiu as king of Northumbria in 670. Soon after, the Picts rose in rebellion against Northumbrian subjugation at the Battle of Two Rivers, recorded in the 8th century by Stephen of Ripon, hagiographer of Wilfrid. [6] Ecgfrith was aided by a sub-king, Beornhæth, who may have been a leader of the Southern Picts, [7] and the rebellion ended in disaster for the Northern Picts of Fortriu. Their king, Drest mac Donuel, was deposed and was replaced by Bridei mac Bili. [8]Collingwood, Bruce (1882). Northumbrian Minstrelsy: A Collection of the Ballads, Melodies and Small-Pipe Tunes of Northumbria. Newcastle upon Tyne: Society of Antiquarians of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. pp.iv–x.

Activist Josephine played a major role in improving conditions for women in education and public health. The Venerable Bede (673–735) is the most famous author of the Anglo-Saxon Period, and a native of Northumbria. His Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum ( Ecclesiastical History of the English People, completed in 731) has become both a template for later historians and a crucial historical account in its own right, [102] and much of it focuses on Northumbria. [103] [104] He's also famous for his theological works, and verse and prose accounts of holy lives. [105] After the Synod of Whitby, the role of the European continent gained importance in Northumbrian culture. During the end of the eighth century, the scriptorium at Monkwearmouth–Jarrow was producing manuscripts of his works for high demand on the Continent. [106] Sawyer, Peter (2013). The Wealth of Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford: Oxford Scholarship Online. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199253937.001.0001. ISBN 9780199253937. Scammell, Jean (1966). "The Origin and Limitations of the Liberty of Durham". The English Historical Review. 81 (320): 449–473. doi: 10.1093/ehr/LXXXI.CCCXX.449. JSTOR 561658.

Shone, Ethan (5 May 2021). "Hartlepool by-election 2021: ex-Labour MP Thelma Walker on why she is standing for The Northern Independence Party". NatinonalWorld . Retrieved 20 February 2022. The Lindisfarne Gospels". British Broadcasting Corp. Archived from the original on 11 August 2010 . Retrieved 2 September 2013. During the seventh century AD, the Northumbrians gradually extended their territory to the north. The Annals of Tigernach record a siege of "Etain" in 638, [1] which has been interpreted as Northumbria's conquest of Eidyn ( Edinburgh) during the reign of Oswald, marking the annexation of Gododdin territories to the south of the River Forth. [2]