Matrix Biolage Smoothproof Avocado Deep Smoothing Serum Smoothes and Controls Frizzy hair - 100ml

Product Information

Keustermans GC, Hoeks SB, Meerding JM, Prakken BJ, de Jager W. Keustermans GC, et al. Methods. 2013 May 15;61(1):10-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.04.005. Epub 2013 Apr 19. Methods. 2013. PMID: 23603216 Review. Prabhakar, U. et al. Validation and comparative analysis of a multiplexed assay for the simultaneous quantitative measurement of Th1/Th2 cytokines in human serum and human peripheral blood mononuclear cell culture supernatants. J. Immunol. Methods. 291(1–2), 27–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jim.2004.04.018 (2004). Multiplexing technology has significant animal welfare and research advantages when compared to traditional methods like ELISA; the ability to simultaneously measure multiple cytokines from a single small volume sample allows for reduced animal handling, reduced blood draw volume, and increased research efficiency. While multiplex assays cost more than individual ELISAs, they are relatively cost-effective when four or more analytes can be accurately measured 46. Furthermore, the need to evaluate multiple cytokine levels together to better understand the overall clinical picture of a subject makes multiplexing an attractive method. Comparisons of multiplex-based immunoassays with single analyte ELISAs showed that while measurements of high abundance cytokines were highly correlated between methodologies, low abundance cytokines in healthy human subjects (IL-6, TNFα, IL-1β) were poorly correlated 47. This trade-off between multiplexing and assay sensitivity for low abundance cytokines must be carefully considered when designing a study, and caution should be used when interpreting results near the LLOD of a multiplex assay. The popularity of multiplex assays and the importance of NHPs in pre-clinical testing has resulted in an increase in the number of NHP multiplex cytokine assays on the market. Given the importance of understanding the cytokine response in pre-clinical testing, it will be critical to continue validation efforts of these commonly used assays. Cytokine concentration was determined by fluorescence intensity. Fluorescence data were analyzed with Millipore Milliplex Analyst version 3.4 according to manufacturer recommendations. All statistical analyses were performed with the calculated concentrations of each sample rather than the MFI (mean fluorescence intensity) source data to give a more accurate representation of assay performance.

matrix-matched calibrations Evaluation of blood and synthetic matrix-matched calibrations

By comparing serum and plasma from multiple donors, it becomes clear that a simple “conversion factor” between serum and plasma cannot be derived, even on an individual cytokine basis. This is because the ratio of serum to plasma MFI varies significantly between donors ( Fig. 1b), at least for many of the cytokines tested. At least as important as the choice of matrix (serum or plasma) and dilution are the implications of these studies on the reporting of immunoassay results. While the field almost universally uses a standard curve to calculate cytokine concentrations, our data would suggest that this is a very imperfect approximation. First, there are significant inhibitory effects of both plasma and serum that are not fully compensated by the standard buffer(s). These effects are slightly different in serum and plasma and also vary between individuals, making a universally accurate calculation based on a standard impossible. It would be much preferable to relate immunoassay data as relative changes in mean intensity, compared with a control or other comparison sample. Of course, all samples need to be from the same matrix (serum or plasma) to be reliably compared. a Inhibitory effects of serum and plasma on cytokine standards. S6 standard (containing 625 pg/ml of each of 51 cytokines) was run under various conditions. Serum ( top graph) or plasma ( bottom graph) from eight healthy donors was used in place of the manufacturer’s standard dilution buffer ( red lines), or the standard dilution buffer was used ( blue lines). Inhibitory effects can be seen for many cytokines in the presence of serum or plasma, in that the red lines are significantly lower than the blue lines for both matrices. Inhibitory effects of serum appear to be somewhat more pronounced than plasma for certain cytokines, and there is some variability between different donors. b Heat map of the same data, showing the percent spike recovery of the S6 standard in the presence of serum or plasma from eight donors. Cytokines are ranked from worst ( red) to best ( blue) spike recovery. Many more cytokines have poor spike recovery than good; those with values >100 % reflect the quantitation of endogenous cytokine from the serum or plasma, in addition to the S6 standard (Color figure online) This study confirms this multiplex assay is capable of detecting specific cytokine concentrations in healthy male and female cynomolgus and rhesus macaques both consciously cooperating and sedated for other procedures and calls attention to the importance of cohort and model-handling experimental parameters when evaluating cytokine levels. We demonstrate significant differences in male vs. female and cooperating vs. sedated cynomolgus macaques, as well as baseline differences between cynomolgus and rhesus macaques. Interestingly, we saw an overall reduction in, or blunting of, cytokine levels after sedation of both male and female cynomolgus macaques. We confirmed that this was due to a physiologic decrease in cytokine levels as opposed to direct assay interference with ketamine by spiking ketamine in vitro into the samples, showing no difference in cytokine levels between unspiked and spiked samples. Of note, cytokine levels were measured immediately upon/during sedation, and evaluation of the short- and long-term effects of sedation will be critical in understanding implications. Dinarello, C. A. Proinflammatory cytokines. Chest 118(2), 503–508. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.118.2.503 (2000).Khan F, Momtaz S, Abdollahi M. The relationship between mercury exposure and epigenetic alterations regarding human health, risk assessment and diagnostic strategies. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2019;52:37–47. Y. Lu, M. Kippler, F. Harari, M. Grander, B. Palm, H. Nordqvist and M. Vahter, Clin. Biochem., 2015, 48, 140–147 CrossRef CAS PubMed. Zhang D, Wang X, Liu M, Zhang L, Deng M, Liu H. Quantification of strontium in human serum by ICP-MS using alternate analyte-free matrix and its application to a pilot bioequivalence study of two strontium ranelate oral formulations in healthy Chinese subjects. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2015;29:69–74. Full size image Sedation results in an overall blunting of serum cytokine expression in cynomolgus macaques Of note, quality control beads (CHEX1-CHEX4, Radix Biosolutions, Inc.) were included in each well of these experiments. These beads allow for process control, by recording relative performance of the instrument, biotinylated detector, streptavidin-PE, and non-specific binding, respectively, across wells of an experiment. Non-specific binding, as measured by the CHEX4 beads, was markedly higher in serum than in plasma ( Fig. 1b, bottom row).

Matrix-M™ malaria vaccine developed by University of R21/Matrix-M™ malaria vaccine developed by University of

We also show, through spike recovery experiments, that plasma and serum both have significant inhibitory effects, that are variable between individuals, and that are only partially compensated for by the manufacturer’s standard dilution buffer ( Figs. 3, ​ ,4, 4, ​ ,5). 5). However, serum appears to have a slightly greater inhibitory effect for some cytokines. Interestingly, this matrix effect is not seen, or seen to a much lesser extent, in the MSD assay compared with either magnetic or polystyrene bead Luminex assays ( Fig. 4). This does not appear to be solely a consequence of the assay buffers ( Fig. 5). G. Crisponi, V. M. Nurchi, D. Fanni, C. Gerosa, S. Nemolato and G. Faa, Coord. Chem. Rev., 2010, 254, 876–889 CrossRef CAS.

Wilhelm M, Ewers U, Schulz C. Revised and new reference values for some trace elements in blood and urine for human biomonitoring in environmental medicine. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2004;207(1):69–73. Leo Hansmann, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. To evaluate recovery (measured as observed concentration relative to expected concentration), eight unique serum pool samples were made from multiple samples taken from a single animal on different days, with the exception of one of the serum pools was constructed from samples of two different animals due to sample availability. Each sample was measured in three ways: neat (unspiked) and with spiking of a known amount of either of two manufacturer provided standards (highest concentration—kit “standard 7”—and mid-range concentration—kit “standard 5”). Each spiked sample consisted of 75% endogenous NHP serum and 25% kit standard (Supplemental Table 2). Each sample was tested in triplicate. Linearity Michaela Liedtke, Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. To evaluate assay sensitivity, the lowest kit-provided standard (kit “standard 1”) was measured at 1:2 and 1:4 assay buffer dilutions to extend each analyte’s standard curve. Both the lower limit of detection (LLOD, the lowest concentration that can be detected) and lower limit of quantification (LLOQ, the lowest concentration that can be precisely and reliably detected) were determined for each cytokine, though only the LLOD was used to determine if validation acceptance criteria were met (LLOD ≤ the lowest standard). Each dilution was tested on a single assay plate six times (Supplemental Table 4). Within-subject variability