Masculinities, 2nd Edition

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Connell, R. W. (1987). Gender and power: Society, the person and sexual politics. Cambridge: Polity. Another concept that troubles the gender binary is the idea of multiple masculinities (Connell, 2005). Connell suggests that there is more than one kind of masculinity and what is considered “masculine” differs by race, class, ethnicity, sexuality, and gender. For example, being knowledgeable about computers might be understood as masculine because it can help a person accumulate income and wealth, and we consider wealth to be masculine. However, computer knowledge only translates into “masculinity” for certain men. While an Asian-American, middle-class man might get a boost in “masculinity points” (as it were) for his high-paying job with computers, the same might not be true for a working-class white man whose white-collar desk job may be seen as a weakness to his masculinity by other working-class men. Expectations for masculinity differ by age; what it means to be a man at 19 is very different than what it means to be a man at 70. Therefore, masculinity intersects with other identities and expectations change accordingly. Masculine identities are constructed through difference and association: being a man involves both not being something other than a man, and being like certain other men. Masculinity involves displaying attitudes and behaviours that signify and validate maleness, and involves being recognised in particular ways by other men and women. a b Kupers, Terry A. (June 2005). "Toxic masculinity as a barrier to mental health treatment in prison". Journal of Clinical Psychology. 61 (6): 713–724. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.600.7208. doi: 10.1002/jclp.20105. PMID 15732090. Addis, Michael E. (September 2008). "Gender and depression in men". Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice. 15 (3): 153–168. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.556.642. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2850.2008.00125.x.

Masculinities - Raewyn Connell - Google Books Masculinities - Raewyn Connell - Google Books

a b c d e f g h i j k l Hooper, Charlotte (July 1999). "Masculinities, IR and the 'gender variable': a cost-benefit analysis for (sympathetic) gender sceptics". Review of International Studies. 25 (3): 475–480. doi: 10.1017/s0260210599004751. S2CID 145630038. Connell, R. W.; Messerschmidt, James W. (December 2005). "Hegemonic Masculinity". Gender & Society. 19 (6): 829–859. doi: 10.1177/0891243205278639. ISSN 0891-2432. S2CID 5804166. a b Messner, Michael A. (September 1990). "When bodies are weapons: Masculinity and violence in sport". International Review for the Sociology of Sport. 25 (3): 203–220. doi: 10.1177/101269029002500303. S2CID 143999500.Brod, Harry (1994). "Some thoughts on some histories of some masculinities: Jews and other others". In Brod, Harry; Kaufman, Michael (eds.). Theorizing masculinities. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications. pp. 82–96. ISBN 9780803949041. R.W Connell, in her book Masculinities (1995), argues that what is important to a meaningful analysis of gender and masculinity is the “… processes and relationships through which men and women conduct gendered lives. ‘Masculinity’, to the extent the term can be briefly defined at all, is simultaneously a place in gender relations, the practices through which men and women engage that place in gender, and the effects of these practices in bodily experience, personality and culture” 65. While it is certainly the case that gender-based violence affects women disproportionately, and while men are the main aggressors, they too experience violent consequences as a result of the assumptions and beliefs which underlie gender-based violence. Perhaps nothing shows this better than the history of conflict and genocide.

Masculinities - R. W. Connell, Raewyn Connell - Google Books

a b c d e Bridges, Tristan; Pascoe, C.J. (2014). "Hybrid Masculinities: New Directions in the Sociology of Men and Masculinities". Sociology Compass. 8 (3): 246–258. doi: 10.1111/soc4.12134– via ResearchGate. Decentering social theory. Julian Go (Firsted.). Bingley, UK. 2013. ISBN 978-1-78190-727-6. OCLC 855895055. {{ cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link) CS1 maint: others ( link) In movies, another form of media, you see the superheroes, mostly men, as big strong manly guys who saves the world from appending doom, giving the message that men are supposed to imitate these big strong macho men and get through the harsh realities of life unscathed, when in reality life will get to them and that okay, you don’t have to be like these men on the big screens. “Masculinities in Western societies are typically defined by by a specific body reflexive practice: sport, violence, heterosexual performance, and bodybuilding” (Connell pg. 86). One of the biggest societal issues is that fact that women want to be paid the same as men and that simply is not the case in today’s society. “Hegemonic Masculinity can also be seen in our wage structures where men earn more than women and traditionally men achieve the top positions as managers or leaders.” (Connell).

Marginalised masculinities are those that are categorised as different, on the basis of class, ethnicity or status. They may display and enjoy masculine power in certain contexts but are always ultimately compared to the hegemonic norms and images 66. Ricciardelli, Rosemary; Clow, Kimberley A.; White, Philip (July 2010). "Investigating hegemonic masculinity: Portrayals of masculinity in men's lifestyle magazines". Sex Roles. 63 (1–2): 64–78. doi: 10.1007/s11199-010-9764-8. S2CID 143521323. Pdf. In the United States Connell was visiting professor of Australian studies at Harvard University 1991–1992, and professor of sociology at University of California Santa Cruz 1992–1995. [7] She was a rank-and-file member of the Australian Labor Party until the early 1980s and a trade unionist, currently in the National Tertiary Education Union. She has been considered a prominent intellectual of the Australian New Left. [8] Williams-Brooks, Llewellyn (2016). "Radical Theories of Capitalism in Australia: Towards a Historiography of the Australian New Left", Honours Thesis, University of Sydney, viewed 20 April 2017, https://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/handle/2123/16655

Masculinities – Introduction to Women, Gender, Sexuality Studies Masculinities – Introduction to Women, Gender, Sexuality Studies

masculinities in the global economy, with colleagues in Chile and Japan, José Olavarría and Futoshi Taga . In today’s society it takes a lot to grasp the change in how masculinity is “supposed” to be. To be able to truly understand the sort of expectations that men are held to by society there must be a detailed look into what R.W. Connell refers to as “Hegemonic Masculinity” (Connell), it justifies men’s position in society as head of society and puts women second, saying women are supposed to submit to men. The impact it has on men in today’s society is, more than less, changing, but still has a significant place in male masculinity and in a lot of the “norms” we have, such as the man has to be the “breadwinner” of the household, and the women should only take care of the house. We often deamn these beliefs to be true by nature, as soon as a boy becomes a “man” he must go out and become the head of something or show that he is a man by gaining power (Being the head of his household, owning a business, getting wealthy, ect.). Hegemonic Masculinity is publicized at lot in society, mostly in the media, you may see advertisements showing muscular men as the goal of what a man should look like. It tells him that if his mindset isn’t to want to look like that then he isn’t a man, the proceeds to give him the instructions he needs to become the muscular guy on the television. “How a man throws a ball is different to how a woman throws a ball. I didn’t want to throw a ball in front of my dad because i knew it wouldn’t look right, it wouldn’t be like the way a good, strong boy should throw it.” Here Connell tries to interpret the boy’s fear of disappointing his father and the combined sense that his body is unsuitable for a man as a learned social experience. The boy is young but is already fully aware that he isn’t what a man should be, he falls short of his father’s expectations in his head. Because of this, Connell is aware that hegemonic masculinity is a learned behavior. The last stage of childhood, adolescence, marks the onset of puberty and the eventual beginning of adulthood. Hegemonic masculinity then positions some boys, and all girls, as subordinate or inferior to others. [35] Bullying is another avenue in which young men assert their dominance over less "masculine" boys. In this bullying schema, adolescent boys are motivated to be at the top of the scale by engaging in more risk taking activities as well. Oftentimes bullying is motivated by social constructs and generalized ideas of what a young man should be. Gendered sexuality in adolescence refers to the role gender takes in the adolescent's life and how it is informed by and impacts others' perceptions of their sexuality. This can lead to gay bashing and other forms of discrimination if young men seem not to perform the appropriate masculinity.

Fefferman, Ann M.; Upadhyay, Ushma D. (2018). "Hybrid Masculinity and Young Men's Circumscribed Engagement in Contraceptive Management". Gender & Society. 32 (3): 371–394. doi: 10.1177/0891243218763313. PMC 5939584. PMID 29755203. Petersen, Alan (July 2003). "Research on men and masculinities: Some implications of recent theory for future work". Men and Masculinities. 6 (1): 54–69. doi: 10.1177/1097184X02250843. S2CID 143583174.