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Nacul HZ, Revoredo‑Giha C. Food safety and the informal milk supply chain in Kenya. Agric Food Secur. 2022;11(8):1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-021-00349-y. These are the basis of most treatment regimes. There are two options: intramammary antibiotics, the classic mastitis tube and systemic antibiotics given by the intramuscular or subcutaneous route. Falentin H, Rault L, Nicolas A, Bouchard DS, Lassalas J, Lamberton P, Aubry J-M, Marnet P-G, Le Loir Y, Even S. Bovine teat microbiome analysis revealed reduced alpha diversity and significant changes in taxonomic profiles in quarters with a history of mastitis. Front Microbiol. 2016;7:480. Ahmed MAM, Ehui S, Assefa Y. Dairy Development in Ethiopia. EPTD Discussion Paper No. 123. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute; 2004. In this study, farm owners of the selected 50 farms were interviewed. In the majority of study farms, dairy cows were managed intensively (84%). Hand milking was practiced in all farms and cows were milked twice a day, in the morning and evening. Raw milk was consumed by 56% of dairy farmers interviewed. The majority of respondents (74%) did not receive training on hygienic milk production practices and 71.4% of these dairy farmers consumed raw milk. Udder drying using towels was practiced by only 14% of dairy farmers, and they used one towel for multiple cows. The majority of farmers (92%) used plastic containers for milking and milk storage, while 8% used stainless steel containers or Mazzican. Smoking of milk containers was practiced by the majority of dairy farmers (72%) in the study area. They fumigate milk containers by burning the stems of Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata, locally known as ejersa. In most farms (80%), milking was performed by a family member, while 20% of the farms used hired milkers. Except for one government farm, the other farms did not have a separate milking parlor. Although inadequate, all dairy farmers practiced teat washing without using detergent and flush their hands with the water that they used for teat cleaning. Some farmers moistened the teats by inserting their fingers into the milk when they became dry between milking. None of the farmers practiced pre- or postmilking antiseptic teat dipping, nor did they practice fore-stripping. Descriptive statistics for sociodemographic characteristics and hygiene factors are presented in Tables 2 and 3. Microbiological quality of bulk milk
Amenu K, Wieland B, Szonyi B, Grace D. Milk handling practices and consumption behavior among Borana pastoralists in southern Ethiopia. J Health Popul Nutr. 2019;6:1–12.Ngasala JB, Nonga HE, Mtambo MMA. Assessment of raw milk quality and stakeholders’ awareness on milk-borne health risks in Arusha City and Meru District, Tanzania. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-015-0810-y. Naing YW, Wai SS, Lin TN, Thu WP, Htun LL, Bawm S, Myaing TT. Bacterial content and associated risk factors influencing the quality of bulk tank milk collected from dairy cattle farms in Mandalay region. Food Sci Nutr. 2019;7:1063–71. Marshall JC, Soboleva TK, Jamieson P, French NP. Estimating bacterial pathogen levels in New Zealand bulk tank milk. J Food Prot. 2016;79:771–80. Oliver SP, Boor KJ, Murphy SC, Murinda SE. Food safety hazards associated with consumption of raw milk. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2009;6:793–806.
Moderate mastitis : Changes in the udder are detectable as well as changes in the milk. These changes can occur slowly or rapidly. There may be small systemic changes such as reduction in feed intake. Yes, it sure is! The pH level of our moisturisers is balanced to 5.5, which is similar to human skin. Essentially, pH can be measured from 0 to 14 depending on how acidic or alkaline a substance is. Since our skin sits at a pH of about 5.5, it’s slightly acidic. Healthy skin can retain moisture, maintain a robust microbiome and keep irritants away. We of course want to support this, so using creams that are pH balanced to match our skin is one of the best ways to do this. Abebe R, Hatiya H, Abera M, Megersa B, Asmare K. Bovine mastitis: prevalence, risk factors and isolation of Staphylococcus aureus in dairy herds at Hawassa milk shed, South Ethiopia. BMC Vet Res. 2016;12:1–11.ISO 6888-1:1999. Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs — horizontal method for the enumeration of coagulase-positive staphylococci (Staphylococcus aureus and other species) — part 1: technique using Baird-Parker agar medium. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization; 1999. Once it is identified, it is important to identify the severity of mastitis as this is crucial in determining what treatment to give. Milk samples collected from cows with SCC < 100,000/mL and without IMI showed a stable eubiotic bacterial community throughout samplings as evidenced by higher species abundance and species richness estimates, which is commonly observed for milk samples obtained from healthy udders [ 4, 15, 17]. Interestingly, it is possible to observe that samples classified as “H”, IMI positive, and SCC > 100,000/mL are remarkably enriched by Gram-positive genera (i.e., Staphylococcus, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Jeotgalicoccus, and Streptococcus), whereas milk samples from healthy quarters display a balance between Gram-positive and Gram-negative taxa. It is worth mentioning that Gram-negative genera such as Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter occur mainly in milk samples collected during the pasture season [ 1]. Although it is difficult to establish whether the low diversity found in milk samples from H-cows is a cause or a consequence of ongoing subclinical mastitis, our results reinforce the association of mastitis with an imbalanced udder microbiota [ 2]. Fig 3: The main milking plant filter should not be used as a method of mastitis detection Conductivity Mhone TA, Matope G, Saidi PT. Aerobic bacterial, coliform, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus counts of raw and processed milk from selected smallholder dairy farms of Zimbabwe. Int J Food Microbiol. 2011;151:223–8.
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