Desert Jungle

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The sky is usually clear above the desert, and the sunshine duration is extremely high everywhere in the Sahara. Most of the desert has more than 3,600 hours of bright sunshine per year (over 82% of daylight hours), and a wide area in the eastern part has over 4,000 hours of bright sunshine per year (over 91% of daylight hours). The highest values are very close to the theoretical maximum value. A value of 4300 hours (98%) of the time would be [ clarification needed] recorded in Upper Egypt ( Aswan, Luxor) and in the Nubian Desert ( Wadi Halfa). [20] The annual average direct solar irradiation is around 2,800 kWh/(m 2 year) in the Great Desert. The Sahara has a huge potential for solar energy production. Sand dunes in the Algerian Sahara Desertification is an increasing problem. Every year, about 6 million square kilometers (2.3 million square miles) of land become useless for cultivation due to desertification. The Sahara Desert crept 100 kilometers (39 miles) south between 1950 and 1975. South Africa is losing 300-400 million metric tons (330-441 short tons) of topsoil each year. Sheil, D.; Wunder, S. (2002). "The value of tropical forest to local communities: complications, caveats, and cautions" (PDF). Conservation Ecology. 6 (2): 9. doi: 10.5751/ES-00458-060209. hdl: 10535/2768. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 24, 2021 . Retrieved September 25, 2019. Cormier, L. (April 16, 2006). "A Preliminary Review of Neotropical Primates in the Subsistence and Symbolism of Indigenous Lowland South American Peoples". Ecological and Environmental Anthropology. 2 (1): 14–32. Archived from the original on December 21, 2008 . Retrieved September 4, 2008. The regions that are deserts today were not always so dry. Between 8000 and 3000 BCE, for example, the Sahara had a much milder, moister climate. Climatologists identify this period as the “ Green Sahara.”

Cook, Kerry H.; Vizy, Edward K. (2015). "Detection and Analysis of an Amplified Warming of the Sahara Desert". Journal of Climate. 28 (16): 6560. Bibcode: 2015JCli...28.6560C. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00230.1. Rain shadowdeserts exist near the leeward slopes of some mountain ranges. Leeward slopes face away from prevailing winds. The Sahara is not the only desert to have dramatic climate change. The Ghaggar River, in what is now India and Pakistan, was a major water source for Mohenjo-daro, an urban area of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization. Over time, the Ghaggar changed course and now only flows during the rainy monsoon season. Mohenjo-daro is now a part of the vast Thar and Cholistan deserts. One theory for the formation of the Sahara is that the monsoon in Northern Africa was weakened because of glaciation during the Quaternary period, starting two or three million years ago. Another theory is that the monsoon was weakened when the ancient Tethys Sea dried up during the Tortonian period around 7 million years ago. [28] a b Wilford, John Noble (14 August 2008). "Graves Found From Sahara's Green Period". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 23 January 2012 . Retrieved 15 August 2008.

Ordos, China

Deforestation in Colombia Down 70 Percent So Far This Year". Yale Environment 360 . Retrieved November 13, 2023. Holl, Augustin F.C. (2009). "Coping with uncertainty: Neolithic life in the Dhar Tichitt-Walata, Mauritania, (ca. 4000–2300 BP)". Comptes Rendus Geoscience. 341 (8–9): 703–712. Bibcode: 2009CRGeo.341..703H. doi: 10.1016/j.crte.2009.04.005. Archived from the original on 18 November 2018 . Retrieved 24 May 2021.

Quade, J.; Dente, E.; Armon, M.; Ben Dor, Y.; Morin, E.; Adam, O.; Enzel, Y. (2018). "Megalakes in the Sahara? A Review". Quaternary Research. Cambridge University Press. 90 (2): 253–275. Bibcode: 2018QuRes..90..253Q. doi: 10.1017/qua.2018.46. S2CID 133889170. Archived from the original on 21 May 2020 . Retrieved 19 July 2020. As areas where the Tichitt cultural tradition were present, Dhar Tichitt and Dhar Walata were occupied more frequently than Dhar Néma. [97] Farming of crops (e.g., millet) may have been a feature of the Tichitt cultural tradition as early as 3rd millennium BCE in Dhar Tichitt. [97] The Beni Ḥassān and other nomadic Arab tribes dominated the Sanhaja Berber tribes of the western Sahara after the Char Bouba war of the 17th century. As a result, Arabian culture and language came to dominate, and the Berber tribes underwent some Arabization. James S. Albert; Roberto E. Reis (March 8, 2011). Historical Biogeography of Neotropical Freshwater Fishes. University of California Press. p.308. Archived from the original on June 30, 2011 . Retrieved June 28, 2011. Egypt, under Muhammad Ali and his successors, conquered Nubia in 1820–22, founded Khartoum in 1823, and conquered Darfur in 1874. Egypt, including Sudan, became a British protectorate in 1882. Egypt and Britain lost control of the Sudan from 1882 to 1898 as a result of the Mahdist War. After its capture by British troops in 1898, the Sudan became an Anglo-Egyptian condominium.

Many desert plants are annuals, which means they only live for one season. Their seeds may lie dormant for years during long dry spells. When rain finally comes, the seeds sprout rapidly. Plants grow, bloom, produce new seeds, and die, often in a short span of time. A soaking rain can change a desert into a wonderland of flowers almost overnight. Rain is usually the main source of water in a desert, but it falls very rarely. Many desert dwellers rely on groundwater, stored in aquifers below the surface. Groundwater comes from rain or other precipitation, like snow or hail. It seeps into the ground, where it can remain for thousands of years. Lewinsohn, Thomas M.; Paulo Inácio Prado (June 2005). "How Many Species Are There in Brazil?". Conservation Biology. 19 (3): 619–624. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00680.x. S2CID 84691981. Construction of the Aswan High Dam was a huge engineering project. Local desert communities can divertrivers on a smaller scale. Throughout the Middle East, communities have dug artificial wadis, where freshwater can flow during rainy seasons. In countries like Yemen, artificial wadis can carry enough water for whitewater rafting trips during certain times of the year.