Queer China: Lesbian and Gay Literature and Visual Culture under Postsocialism (Literary Cultures of the Global South)

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Talha, Burki (2017-04-01). "Health and rights challenges for China's LGBT community". World Report. 389: 1286. Lilian Lin, China's Censors Pull More Web Dramas, Including Hit Rom-Com in ChinaRealTime (China blog of The Wall Street Journal), 21 January 2016

translives.net (in Chinese). 8 November 2018. Archived from the original on 11 May 2019 . Retrieved 7 March 2019. A September–October 2016 survey by the Varkey Foundation found that 54% of 18–21-year-olds supported same-sex marriage in China. [153] China's population declines for the first time in decades". NBC News. 2023-01-17 . Retrieved 2023-11-26.

Those who served the ruler and succeeded in delighting his ears and eyes, those who caught their lord's fancy and won his favor and intimacy, did so not only through the power of lust and love; each had certain abilities in which he excelled. Thus I made The Biographies of the Emperors' Male Favorites.

Throughout written Chinese history, the role of women is given little positive emphasis, with relationships between women being especially rare. One mention by Ying Shao, who lived about 140 to 206, does relate palace women attaching themselves as husband and wife, a relationship called dui shi. He noted, "They are intensely jealous of each other." [12] On 31 December 2015, the China Television Drama Production Industry Association posted new guidelines, including a ban on showing LGBT relationships on television. The regulations stated: "No television drama shall show abnormal sexual relationships and behaviours, such as incest, same-sex relationships, sexual perversion, sexual assault, sexual abuse, sexual violence, and so on." [95] These new regulations have begun to affect web dramas, [96] which have historically had fewer restrictions: [97] LGBTQ rights in mainland China looking gloomy after Taiwan's new ruling on same-sex marriage The Conversation Scholars explain that the CCP directly controls the nature of LGBT activism in China through strict government regulation of civil sector organisations. In general, the CCP requires Non-Governmental Organisations’ (NGOs) compatibility with China’s overall policy goals. [133] Timothy Hildebrandt, associate professor at the LSE contends that this means activism in China is successful “only insofar as their activities complement government interests”. [133] Therefore, LGBT activist groups tend to work on issues that are non-politically charged and serve the wider community, such as HIV and AIDS prevention, to receive the most funding and “political space”. In turn, organisations that adopt overtly political stances or mobilise the LGBT community are less likely to survive in China. [133]Tone, Sixth (17 May 2016). "Gay Couple Vows Wedding to Be First of Many" . Retrieved 29 April 2017. Writings from the Liu Song dynasty claimed that homosexuality was as common as heterosexuality in the late 3rd century: Human Rights Report: China (includes Tibet, Hong Kong, and Macau)". U.S. State Department. Archived from the original on 2018-04-22. Xi'an police detained nine members of the gay advocacy group Speak Out hours before the conference it was hosting was slated to start. A 2008 survey by sexologist Li Yinhe shows a mixed picture of public attitudes towards gays and lesbians in China. 91% of respondents said they agreed with homosexuals having equal employment rights, while over 80% of respondents agreed that heterosexuals and homosexuals were "equal individuals". On the other hand, a slight majority disagreed with the proposition that an openly gay person should be a school teacher, and 40% of respondents said that homosexuality was "completely wrong." [59] Except in unusual cases, such as Emperor Ai, the men named for their homosexual relationships in the official histories appear to have had active heterosexual lives as well. It is, in fact, impossible to know the full sexuality of any historical figures from most of Chinese history, unless they are indicated to be bisexual, since only affairs which were considered out of the ordinary were documented. Neither heterosexuality nor homosexuality were considered out of the ordinary for most of that history, so the fact that only one of the two was documented cannot rule out the other. [13]

Bret Hinsch (1992). Passions of the cut sleeve: the male homosexual tradition in China. University of California Press. p.142. ISBN 0-520-07869-1 . Retrieved November 28, 2010. In July 2015, many gay users of Sina Weibo used the microblogging service to discuss the Obergefell v. Hodges ruling in the US, issues like coming out to parents, and articles in the People's Daily on gay men. [95] [96] a b Chang, Stewart (2016-01-01). "Legacies of Exceptionalism and the Future of Gay Rights in Singapore". Scholarly Works. Li, Yao (2017). "A Zero-Sum Game? Repression and Protest in China". Government and Opposition. 54 (2): 309–335. doi: 10.1017/gov.2017.24. ISSN 0017-257X. Murphy, Colum (11 November 2021). "China's First Clinic for Transgender Kids Opens in Shanghai". Bloomberg News.The Qing dynasty instituted the first law against consensual, non-monetized homosexuality in China. [3] It has been construed that this may have been part of an attempt to limit all personal expression outside government-monitored relationships, coming in response to the social chaos at the end of the Ming dynasty. The punishment, which included a month in prison and 100 heavy blows, was actually the lightest punishment which existed in the Qing legal system. [46] Ho, Pang-Chieh. (5 April 2018). Gay romance 'Call Me By Your Name' pulled from Beijing International Film Festival. SupChina. Beijing, Pei Li and Adam Jourdan. (26 March 2018). Beijing festival pulls award-winning gay film amid content squeeze. Reuters. This was the first official Chinese ruling that homosexuality was not a disease and did not require treatment. The verdict was described as "an historical moment" by Geng Le, founder of the gay forum application Blued. "This is the first clear, positive description of homosexuality in the legal area .... The verdict will help gay rights advocates to urge clinics to halt such treatments and persuade parents not to pressure their gay children to undergo therapy," he said. [78]

China urged to worked with activists after 'landmark' acceptance of UNHRC's LGBT+ rights". Devdiscourse. 7 March 2019. a b Kong, Travis S.K. (2019). "Transnational queer sociological analysis of sexual identity and civic‐political activism in Hong Kong, Taiwan and mainland China". The British Journal of Sociology. 70 (5): 1904–1925. doi: 10.1111/1468-4446.12697. ISSN 0007-1315. CHINA - New Regulations for Foreigners in Beijing Starting July 1, 2013". lexuniversal.com. Archived from the original on 2019-06-17 . Retrieved 2013-08-17.Kuo, Lily (5 July 2019). "Taiwan's marriage law brings frustration and hope for LGBT China". The Guardian. Until recently, those participating in gay activities were still punished by the justice system and pursued by the police, and were liable to be detained and arrested. In October 1999, a Beijing court ruled that homosexuality was "abnormal and unacceptable to the Chinese public". [63] Another notable case happened in July 2001, when at least 37 men who were behaving in a homosexual manner were detained in Guangdong. In late April 2004, the State Administration of Radio, Film, and Television (国家广播电影电视总局) initiated a campaign to clear violence and sexual content from the media. Programs related to homosexual topics or language were considered to be going against the healthy way of life in China. As recently as April 2011, police raided a gay bar in Shanghai and detained at least 60 of its patrons overnight. [64]