Opium for Women by Yves Saint Laurent Eau de Toilette Spray 50ml

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Poppy seeds are a common and flavorsome topping for breads and cakes. One gram of poppy seeds contains up to 33 micrograms of morphine and 14 micrograms of codeine, and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration in the United States formerly mandated that all drug screening laboratories use a standard cutoff of 300 nanograms per milliliter in urine samples. A single poppy seed roll (0.76grams of seeds) usually did not produce a positive drug test, but a positive result was observed from eating two rolls. A slice of poppy seed cake containing nearly five grams of seeds per slice produced positive results for 24 hours. Such results are viewed as false positive indications of drug use and were the basis of a legal defense. [117] [118] On November 30, 1998, the standard cutoff was increased to 2000 nanograms (two micrograms) per milliliter. [119] Confirmation by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry will distinguish amongst opium and variants including poppy seeds, heroin, and morphine and codeine pharmaceuticals by measuring the morphine:codeine ratio and looking for the presence of noscapine and acetylcodeine, the latter of which is only found in illicitly produced heroin, and heroin metabolites such as 6-monoacetylmorphine. [120] Harvesting and processing [ edit ] Harvesting opium a b c d Philip Robson (1999). Forbidden Drugs. Oxford University Press. p. 161. ISBN 978-0-19-262955-5. Paul Harris in Peshawar (November 25, 2001). "Victorious warlords set to open the opium floodgates". London: Observer.guardian.co.uk . Retrieved March 21, 2010.

As the power of the Roman Empire declined, the lands to the south and east of the Mediterranean Sea became incorporated into the Islamic Empires. Some Muslims believe hadiths, such as in Sahih Bukhari, prohibits every intoxicating substance, though the use of intoxicants in medicine has been widely permitted by scholars. [16] Dioscorides' five-volume De Materia Medica, the precursor of pharmacopoeias, remained in use (which was edited and improved in the Arabic versions [17]) from the 1st to 16th centuries, and described opium and the wide range of its uses prevalent in the ancient world. [18]

YSL Black Opium Eau de Parfum

Dikötter, Frank, Lars Laamann, and Zhou Xun. Narcotic culture: a history of drugs in China Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004. a b Aurin, Marcus (January 1, 2000). "Chasing the Dragon: The Cultural Metamorphosis of Opium in the United States, 1825–1935". Medical Anthropology Quarterly. 14 (3): 414–441. doi: 10.1525/maq.2000.14.3.414. JSTOR 649506. PMID 11036586. In the industrialized world, the United States is the world's biggest consumer of prescription opioids, with Italy being one of the lowest, because of tighter regulations on prescribing narcotics for pain relief. [146] Most opium imported into the United States is broken down into its alkaloid constituents, and whether legal or illegal, most current drug use occurs with processed derivatives such as heroin rather than with unrefined opium. Alfred W. McCoy (1972). "The politics of heroin in Southeast Asia". Archived from the original on October 7, 2007 . Retrieved September 24, 2007. Moran, Jan (2000). Fabulous Fragrances II: A Guide to Prestige Perfumes for Women and Men. Crescent House. p.171. ISBN 0-9639065-4-2.

Recreational use of opium was part of a civilized and mannered ritual, akin to an East Asian tea ceremony, prior to the extensive prohibitions that came later. [44] In places of gathering, often tea shops, or a person's home servings of opium were offered as a form of greeting and politeness. Often served with tea (in China) and with specific and fine utensils and beautifully carved wooden pipes. The wealthier the smoker, the finer and more expensive material used in ceremony. [44] The image of seedy underground, destitute smokers were often generated by anti-opium narratives and became a more accurate image of opium use following the effects of large scale opium prohibition in the 1880s. [44] Prohibitions in China [ edit ]

Smoking of opium declined in the 20th century, partly because it had been supplanted by more-potent derivatives and partly because of determined efforts in China and other developing countries to eradicate it. In the late 1990s, drug-control programs headed by the United Nations and by individual governments contributed to a reduction in opium poppy cultivation in the Golden Triangle. However, the region subsequently became a major producer of other illicit substances, including methamphetamines. John Richards (May 23, 2001). "Opium and the British Indian Empire" . Retrieved September 24, 2007. Both analgesia and drug addiction are functions of the mu opioid receptor, the class of opioid receptor first identified as responsive to morphine. Tolerance is associated with the superactivation of the receptor, which may be affected by the degree of endocytosis caused by the opioid administered, and leads to a superactivation of cyclic AMP signaling. [155] Long-term use of morphine in palliative care and the management of chronic pain always entails a risk that the patient develops tolerance or physical dependence. There are many kinds of rehabilitation treatment, including pharmacologically based treatments with naltrexone, methadone, or ibogaine. [156] Chandra, Siddharth (2008). "Economic Histories of the Opium Trade". Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. a b Kramer John C (1979). "Opium Rampant: Medical Use, Misuse and Abuse in Britain and the West in the 17th and 18th Centuries". British Journal of Addiction. 74 (4): 377–389. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1979.tb01367.x. PMID 396938.

Morimoto, Satoshi; Kazunari Suemori; Jun Moriwaki; Futoshi Taura; Hiroyuki Tanaka; Mariko Aso; Masakazu Tanaka; Hiroshi Suemune; Yasuyuki Shimohigashi; Yukihiro Shoyama; etal. (October 12, 2001). "Morphine Metabolism in the Opium Poppy and Its Possible Physiological Function". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (41): 38179–38184. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M107105200. PMID 11498543. Opium prohibition in China began in 1729, yet was followed by nearly two centuries of increasing opium use. A massive destruction of opium by an emissary of the Chinese Daoguang Emperor in an attempt to stop opium smuggling by the British led to the First Opium War (1839–1842), in which Britain defeated China. After 1860, opium use continued to increase with widespread domestic production in China. By 1905, an estimated 25 percent of the male population were regular consumers of the drug. Recreational use of opium elsewhere in the world remained rare into late in the 19th century, as indicated by ambivalent reports of opium usage. [44] In 1906, 41,000 tons were produced, but because 39,000 tons of that year's opium were consumed in China, overall usage in the rest of the world was much lower. [48] These figures from 1906 have been criticized as overestimates. [49] A Chinese opium house; photographed in 1902 Julius Berendes (1902). "De Materia Medica" (in German). Archived from the original on February 8, 2007 . Retrieved May 10, 2007.Herz, Rachel S.; James Eliassen; Sophia Beland; Timothy Souza (2004). "Neuroimaging evidence for the emotional potency of odor-evoked memory". Neuropsychologia. Elsevier. 42 (3): 371–378. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2003.08.009. PMID 14670575. S2CID 3918680. Opium, Lilac Perfume Oil and White Musk from The Body Shop, Juniper Breeze from Bath & Body Works and Royal Secret formerly Germaine Monteil were among the perfumes tested in 2003 in a study of the relationship of scents to memory. [9] Ad campaign controversy [ edit ] Santella, Thomas M.; Triggle, D. J. (2009). Opium. Facts On File, Incorporated. p.8. ISBN 9781438102139.