Tornado: In the Eye of the Storm

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The winds of the tornado vortex and of constituent turbulent eddies, as well as airflow interaction with the surface and debris, contribute to the sounds. Funnel clouds also produce sounds. Funnel clouds and small tornadoes are reported as whistling, whining, humming, or the buzzing of innumerable bees or electricity, or more or less harmonic, whereas many tornadoes are reported as a continuous, deep rumbling, or an irregular sound of "noise". [44] There is mounting evidence, including Doppler on Wheels mobile radar images and eyewitness accounts, that most tornadoes have a clear, calm center with extremely low pressure, akin to the eye of tropical cyclones. Lightning is said to be the source of illumination for those who claim to have seen the interior of a tornado. [36] [37] [38] Rotation

There is some disagreement over the definition of a funnel cloud and a condensation funnel. According to the Glossary of Meteorology, a funnel cloud is any rotating cloud pendant from a cumulus or cumulonimbus, and thus most tornadoes are included under this definition. [22] Among many meteorologists, the 'funnel cloud' term is strictly defined as a rotating cloud which is not associated with strong winds at the surface, and condensation funnel is a broad term for any rotating cloud below a cumuliform cloud. [5] Kossin, James. P.; Schubert, Wayne H. (2001). "Mesovortices, polygonal flow patterns, and rapid pressure falls in hurricane-like vortices". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. 58 (15): 2196–2209. Bibcode: 2001JAtS...58.2196K. doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<2196:MPFPAR>2.0.CO;2. S2CID 16992786. I’m here today, so obviously they survived. And later my dad told me it was one of the most incredible things he had ever experienced. There was this painfully loud noise and then suddenly, nothing. Silence. But an empty silence. An eerie silence. It was as if they had entered the void. Wright, John E.; Bennett, Shawn P. (2009-01-16). "Meso-Vortices Observed By WSR-88D In The Eye" (Press release). National Weather Service. Archived from the original on 2013-05-15 . Retrieved 2013-05-07.

Piccioni, G.; etal. (2007-11-29). "South-polar features on Venus similar to those near the north pole". Nature. 450 (7170): 637–40. Bibcode: 2007Natur.450..637P. doi: 10.1038/nature06209. PMID 18046395. S2CID 4422507. Archived from the original on 2017-12-01 . Retrieved 2017-11-24. The Fujita scale and the Enhanced Fujita Scale rate tornadoes by damage caused. The Enhanced Fujita (EF) Scale was an update to the older Fujita scale, by expert elicitation, using engineered wind estimates and better damage descriptions. The EF Scale was designed so that a tornado rated on the Fujita scale would receive the same numerical rating, and was implemented starting in the United States in 2007. An EF0 tornado will probably damage trees but not substantial structures, whereas an EF5 tornado can rip buildings off their foundations leaving them bare and even deform large skyscrapers. The similar TORRO scale ranges from a T0 for extremely weak tornadoes to T11 for the most powerful known tornadoes. Doppler weather radar data, photogrammetry, and ground swirl patterns ( cycloidal marks) may also be analyzed to determine intensity and award a rating. [5] [69] [70] On May20, 2013, a large tornado of the highest category, EF5, ravaged Moore, Oklahoma. About Waterspouts". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2007-01-04 . Retrieved 2009-12-13. The formation of an eye is almost always an indicator of increasing tropical cyclone organisation and strength. Because of this, forecasters watch developing storms closely for signs of eye formation. [ citation needed]

Perkins, Sid (2002-05-11). "Tornado Alley, USA". Science News. pp.296–98. Archived from the original on 2006-08-25 . Retrieved 2006-09-20. Radar Signatures for Severe Convective Weather: Low-Level Mesocyclone, Print Version". www.faculty.luther.edu . Retrieved 2022-06-03.

the eye of the storm

Polar lows are mesoscale weather systems, typically smaller than 1,000 km (600 mi) across, found near the poles. Like tropical cyclones, they form over relatively warm water and can feature deep convection and winds of gale force or greater. Unlike storms of tropical nature, however, they thrive in much colder temperatures and at much higher latitudes. They are also smaller and last for shorter durations, with few lasting longer than a day or so. Despite these differences, they can be very similar in structure to tropical cyclones, featuring a clear eye surrounded by an eyewall and bands of rain and snow. [33] Extratropical cyclones [ edit ] Tropical Cyclone Safety". JetStream – Online School for Weather. National Weather Service. 2010-01-05. Archived from the original on 2017-12-11 . Retrieved 2006-08-06. Markowski, Paul M.; Straka, Jerry M.; Rasmussen, Erik N. (2003). "Tornadogenesis Resulting from the Transport of Circulation by a Downdraft: Idealized Numerical Simulations". J. Atmos. Sci. 60 (6): 795–823. Bibcode: 2003JAtS...60..795M. doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<0795:TRFTTO>2.0.CO;2. Beven, John L. (2005-10-27). "Tropical Storm Beta Discussion Number 3". Hurricane Beta Advisory Archive (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 2018-10-07 . Retrieved 2013-05-07.