Miller's Anatomy of the Dog, 4e

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Long digital extensor: originates from the extensor fossa of the femur and inserts on the extensor processes of the distal phalanges. It acts to extend the digits and flex the tarsus. It is innervated by the peroneal nerve. If you see the structure of the ureter of a dog, you will find three different distinct layers of smooth muscles – outer longitudinal, middle circular, and inner longitudinal. Again, the mucosa layer of the ureter of a dog possesses the transitional epithelium. The urinary bladder of a dog

Lung, heart, and liver – the lung, heart, and liver are one of the vital organs in a dog’s internal anatomy. You will find four lobes in the right lung and two in the left lung of a dog. The dog heart is placed obliquely at the level between the third rib and to sixth intercostal space. Again, you will find five lobes in the dog’s liver – left lateral, left center, right lateral, right central, and caudate. The dog's muzzle size will vary with the breed. Dogs with medium muzzles, such as the German Shepherd Dog, are called mesocephalic and dogs with a pushed in muzzle, such as the Pug, are called brachycephalic. Today's toy breeds have skeletons that mature in only a few months, while giant breeds, such as the Mastiffs, take 16 to 18 months for the skeleton to mature. Dwarfism has affected the proportions of some breeds' skeletons, as in the Basset Hound. The oropharynx of a dog extends from the isthmus of the fauces to the base of the epiglottis. Do you know what the isthmus of fauces is? It is the orifice between the oral cavity and the oral part of the pharynx. You will find the palatine tonsil in the lateral wall of the oral part of the pharynx. Kidney – both the right and left kidneys are bean-shaped and possess a smooth surface. Other organs from a dog’s internal anatomyFlexor carpi ulnar: originates on the olecranon and inserts on the accessory carpal bone. It acts to flex the carpus. It is innervated by the ulnar nerve.

The mandibular duct of a dog leaves the medial surface of the mandibular gland near the ventromedial portion. It closely relates to the major sublingual duct and opens with it. The dog's muscles provides the ability to jump and leap. Their legs can propel them forward rapidly, leaping as necessary to chase and overcome prey. They have small, tight feet, walking on their toes (thus having a digitigrade stance and locomotion). Their rear legs are fairly rigid and sturdy. The front legs are loose and flexible with only muscle attaching them to the torso. Roberts, Taryn; McGreevy, Paul; Valenzuela, Michael (2010). "Human Induced Rotation and Reorganization of the Brain of Domestic Dogs". PLOS ONE. 5 (7): e11946. Bibcode: 2010PLoSO...511946R. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011946. PMC 2909913. PMID 20668685. All cited in Roberts.As with any vertebrate animal, the skeleton of a dog has the function of supporting the body for movement and protecting its internal organs. We can divide the canine skeleton into three main sections: A dog’s tongue is a high mobile organ of its digestive system. The dog tongue is properly located in the oral cavity and possesses some special features from the other animals. You will find the dorsal median groove in the dog’s tongue. Adductor: originates on the pelvic symphysis and inserts on the lateral femur. It acts to adduct the limb and extend the hip. It is innervated by the obturator nerve. You will find four lobes in the right lung and two in the left lung of a dog. The lobes are very prominent, and fissures are deep in the dog’s lungs. There are four portions and three flexures present in the duodenum of a dog. The portions of the duodenum of a dog include –

The accessory lobe of the right lung (intermediate lobe) is the most irregular of all of the lobes of the lungs. Again, the caudal lobe of the right lung is also pyramidal and located at the right of the median plane. Dog urinary organ anatomy Stomach and intestine – dog, has a pyriform-shaped simple stomach that possesses glandular and non-glandular parts. You will find a strong ileocolic valve at the junction between the ileum and colon of a dog. The anatomy of the dog’s colon is also important as there you may find some difficulties practically. Descending superficial pectoral: originates on the first sternebrae and inserts on the greater tubercle of the humerus. It both adducts the limb and also prevents the limb from being abducted during weight bearing. It is innervated by the cranial pectoral nerves. The circulatory system of the dog contains the heart which located in slightly to the left in the thoracic cavity (the same as a human). It is also comprised of veins, arteries and capillaries which distribute blood around the body. You know the medial circumflex femoral artery continues the deep femoral artery in a dog. There is an obturator, ascending, acetabular, transverse, and deep branches found in the medial circumflex femoral artery of a dog.The mandibular glands of the dog are larger than the parotid and lie between the ling facial and maxillary veins just caudal to the angle of the mandible. Again, the part of the sublingual glands of a dog lies adjacent to the ventral part of the rostral pole of the mandibular salivary gland. The respiratory system of a dog consists of the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchus, and lungs. You might have a good anatomical knowledge of the trachea and lungs among these organs. Here, I will focus on the anatomy of the dog’s lung from the respiratory organ system. But, you will also get information on the anatomy of other organs from the dog’s respiratory apparatus.