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In March 2019, legislation banning discrimination against "sexual minorities" was passed in Ibaraki Prefecture. [67] [68] Lies, Elaine (8 June 2023). "Japan ruling on same-sex marriage disappoints but 'a step forward' ". Reuters . Retrieved 15 November 2023. A Japanese court on Thursday said a ban on same-sex marriage was constitutional Same-sex couples are generally not allowed to legally adopt in Japan, though in some regions it is legally complicated. Lesbian couples and single women are unable to access IVF and artificial insemination. [48] In December 2022, a "very broad and comprehensive fertility bill" was introduced in Japan - that explicitly and legally only allows heterosexual married women access to IVF treatment. [49] Japan: Governor Should Retract Homophobic Comments | Human Rights Watch". Hrw.org. 1 February 2011 . Retrieved 16 June 2014. McCurry, Justin (8 June 2023). "Japan court falls short of calling same-sex marriage ban unconstitutional". The Guardian.

In January 2019, trans woman Maria Akasaka became a member of the Kameoka City Assembly, in Kyoto Prefecture. [125] In April 2019, another trans woman, Ayako Fuchigami, won a seat on the Hokkaido Prefectural Assembly representing Sapporo's Higashi-ku ward. She became the first openly transgender person to hold a prefectural assembly position in Japan. [126] In February 2015, the ward of Shibuya (in Tokyo) announced plans to establish a partnership system that would recognize same-sex couples for situations such as hospital visits and shared renting of apartments. This procedure allows couples to get a "proof of partnership" paper, which does not have any weight under Japanese law but can help in, for instance, getting access to a partner who is ill and in hospital but institutions are under no legal obligation to respect the certificates. [36] The Shibuya system is considered a significant step towards lesbian and gay partnership rights in Japan. [37] In July 2015, Tokyo's Setagaya ward announced that it would be joining Shibuya in recognizing same-sex partnerships from November of the same year. [38] Since then, 100 municipalities have begun issuing partnership certificates, including highly-populated Yokohama, Osaka, Sapporo, Fukuoka, Kyoto, Kawasaki, Saitama and Hiroshima, [39] as well as ten prefectures, including Ibaraki, Osaka, Gunma, [40] [41] Saga and Mie. From religious circles, same-sex love spread to the warrior ( samurai) class, where it was customary for a boy in the wakashū age category to undergo training in the martial arts by apprenticing to a more experienced adult man. The relationship was based on the typical nenja, who loves, and the typically younger chigo, who is loved. [28] The man was permitted, if the boy agreed, to take the boy as his lover until he came of age. [29] These relationships were expected to be exclusive, with both partners swearing to take no other (male) lovers. Legislation of same-sex marriage is essential" to promote understanding of LGBTQ people: Second lawsuit argument at Tokyo District Court". 東京新聞 TOKYO Web . Retrieved 28 September 2023. Japan to allow its citizens same-sex marriage - with foreign partners". www.fridae.asia . Retrieved 25 June 2019.Reynolds, Isabel; Nobuhiro, Emi (6 October 2017). "Japan's Opposition Unveils 'Yurinomics' Platform to Challenge Abe". Bloomberg . Retrieved 6 October 2017. a b Furukawa, Makoto. The Changing Nature of Sexuality: The Three Codes Framing Homosexuality in Modern Japan. pp. 99, 100, 108, 112. This drama "just" showed to South Korea it's first on-screen lesbian kiss (it was really a kiss not one of that weird touch of lips that k-dramas love to show) and almost got cancelled for that (congratulations on your homophobia SK). On 16 June 2023, the "watered down" private member's bill on enhancement of LGBT understanding formally passed both houses of the National Diet of Japan for the 49th G7 summit in Hiroshima, with majority support from the Liberal Democratic Party, Komeito, Nippon Ishin no Kai and Democratic Party for the People. [81] [82] [83] In April 2022, legislation prohibiting discrimination among others sexual orientation and gender identity came into operation in Akita Prefecture. [70] Employment discrimination [ edit ]

Leupp, Gary (1997). Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-91919-8., p. 26, 32, 53, 69-78, 88, 90- 92, 95-97, 102, 132-135. Japan's parliament passes watered-down LGBTQ understanding bill". The Japan Times. 16 June 2023 . Retrieved 12 October 2023.Supreme Court hands down landmark decision on transgender rights". The Japan Times. 25 October 2023 . Retrieved 26 October 2023. The 50 other municipalities are Koga (July 2021), Toyota (July 2021), Iruma (September 2021), Miyoshi (September 2021), Kawajima (October 2021), Kōnosu (December 2021), Sōja (December 2021), Hannō (January 2022), Hidaka (January 2022), Tokorozawa (January 2022), Mitoyo (January 2022), Ichikawa (February 2022), Anan (April 2022), Bungo-Ōno (April 2022), Kan'onji (April 2022), Kanuma (April 2022), Kasaoka (April 2022), Kasuya (April 2022), Kosai (April 2022), Miyashiro (April 2022), Okazaki (April 2022), Yoshimi (April 2022), Tosashimizu (June 2022), Tondabayashi (July 2022), Osaka (August 2022), Ichinomiya (September 2022), Toyoyama (September 2022), Naha (October 2022), Toda (October 2022), Ikeda (October 2022), Setagaya (November 2022), Nagoya (December 2022), Ichinoseki (December 2022), Wako (January 2023), Komaki (February 2023), Nagaoka (February 2023), Ranzan (March 2023), Kashiwa (March 2023), Takasago (April 2023), Namegawa (April 2023), Asaka (April 2023), Kasukabe (April 2023), Niiza (April 2023), Shiki (April 2023), Nachikatsuura (April 2023), Maibara (April 2023), Kaizu (April 2023), Matsudo (April 2023), Chiba (April 2023), Sapporo (April 2023) and Morioka (May 2023). [51]

On 17 March 2021, a district court in Sapporo ruled that laws or regulations that deprive same-sex couples of the right to marry constitute unlawful discrimination and violate Article 14 of the Constitution of Japan. The court found that Article 24 does not prohibit the recognition of same-sex marriages. The ruling did not legalize same-sex marriage in Japan, but is likely to step up pressure on the National Diet to act. [42] In 2017, the Education Ministry added sexual orientation and gender identity to its national bullying policy. [63] [75] The policy mandates that schools should prevent bullying of students based on their sexual orientation or gender identity by "promoting proper understanding of teachers on … sexual orientation/gender identity as well as making sure to inform on the school's necessary measures regarding this matter." Nikkei (2 September 2013). "大阪市淀川区がLGBT支援宣言 (Yodogawa-ku passes LGBT support declaration)". GladXX. The Violations of the Rights of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Persons in Japan" (PDF). Global Rights. October 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 December 2010 . Retrieved 12 January 2015.In the pre- Meiji era, nanshoku (男色) relationships inside Buddhist monasteries were typically pederastic. The older partner, or nenja ( 念者, "lover" or "admirer"), would be a monk, priest or abbot, while the younger partner was assumed to be an acolyte ( 稚児, chigo), who would be a prepubescent or adolescent boy. [26] The relationship would be dissolved once the boy reached adulthood (or left the monastery). Both parties were encouraged to treat the relationship seriously and conduct the affair honorably, and the nenja might be required to write a formal vow of fidelity. [27] During the Tokugawa period, some of the Shinto gods, especially Hachiman, Myoshin, Shinmei and Tenjin, "came to be seen as guardian deities of nanshoku" (male–male love). Andrew Potts (11 September 2013). "Osaka district becomes first Japanese government area to support LGBT inclusion". Gay Star News. Archived from the original on 6 April 2019 . Retrieved 11 September 2013. In 2005, Kanako Otsuji, from the Osaka Prefectural Assembly (2003–2007), became the first openly gay politician in Japan, when she formally came out at the Tokyo Gay Pride Festival. She later briefly served on the House of Councillors in 2013. Following the 2017 general election, Otsuji became the first openly lesbian member of the House of Representatives. [112]