Animal Adaptations: Evolution of Forms and Functions

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Evening injections of aMT and MT significantly reduced testes weight and tubule diameter of SO and Px animals maintained under NDL, LP and SP ( Fig 1, Table 2). Morning injections, under all conditions, were without any significant effect on the testes ( Fig. 2, Table 3). Rico, A., Kindlmann, P. & Sedlacek, F. Barrier effect of roads on movement of small mammals. Folia Zool. 56(1), 1–12 (2007). Percentage chemosuppression of the aqueous stem bark extracts of Alstonia boonei (De wild) in mice infected with the Chloroquine- sensitive strain of plasmodium berghei (NK-65)

Langevelde, F. & Jaarsma, C. F. Using traffic flow theory to model traffic mortality in mammals. Landsc. Ecol. 19, 895–907 (2004). Jacobson, S. L., Bliss-Ketchum, L. L., de Rivera, C. E. & Smith, W. P. A behaviour-based framework for assessing barrier effects to wildlife from vehicle traffic volume 1. Ecosphere 7, 1–15 (2016).Effect of morning injections of melatonin (aMT)) and 5-methoxytryptamine (MT), for 60 continuous days, on the seminiferous tubule diameter (μm) of testis in sham-operated (S0) and pinealectomized (Px) F. Pennanti exposed to natural daylength (NDL), long photoperiod (14L:10D) and short photoperiod (10L:14D) during the gonad active phase. Jhala. Y. V., Qureshi, Q. & Gopal, R. (eds.). The status of tigers, co-predators & prey in India 2014. National Tiger Conservation Authority, New Delhi & Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun TR2015/021. (2015).

At higher traffic volumes the barrier effect sets in due to continuous flow of traffic, where road crossing by animals may not occur. Thus higher traffic volumes would result in a barrier-like situation because of avoidance of animals at high traffic segments 6, 7 reducing the number of attempted crossings by wildlife. This avoidance would reflect as low roadkill counts on high traffic roads 22. Velmurugan, S., Errampalli, M., Ravinder, K., Sitaramanjaneyulu, K. & Gangopadhyay, S. Critical evaluation of roadway capacity of multi-lane high speed corridors under heterogeneous traffic conditions through traditional and microscopic simulation models. Journal of Indian Roads Congress (October–December 2010) 235–264 (2010). accessed 23 Mar 2019; https://www.crridom.gov.in/Our framework can help inform mitigation of AVC and barrier effects in two ways: by identifying existing and proposed roads in a network that are or may become barriers to animal movement because of present and projected traffic volume, and by informing measures on existing roads with no structural mitigation measures based on traffic and animal activity. This is important for developing economies with rapidly increasing traffic loads on existing unmitigated road networks. Saxena is an Indian surname primarily found in northern and Central India. Kayastha in origin, it derives from the Sanskrit word sakhisena meaning “friend of the army”. [1] Notables [ edit ] Bioaccumulation of these ubiquitous organic pollutants in plants and animals constitute a serious health threat. PAHs are a large category of varied organic compounds, each of them having a minimum of two fused aromatic rings containing mainly carbon and hydrogen atoms in its skeletal structure. PAH generally occur in complex mixtures, which may consist of hundreds of compounds. They are principally framed by deficient ignition or pyrolysis of organic material and during various industrial processes and food handling procedures [21], [22]. These groups of compounds have potentially hazardous effects on the environment and health, as the majority of them are carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic [23], [24]. Some studies have reported the mean daily intake of the total PAH fraction to be between 4ng/kg per day (low estimate) and 10ng/kg per day (high estimate) [25]. Administration of the test extract and standard drugs were done by oral intubations and lasted for 4 days at a single dose per day according to the following groupings: •

The traversability model 37 did not consider animal activity near roads. For an animal-vehicle collision to take place, an animal and a vehicle must co-occur on the road. We accounted for this by using animal activities near the road as a proxy for the probability of an animal encountering a road. Creation of edge habitats by linear intrusions like roads facilitate the use of such habitats by some ungulate species. Consequently for edge-tolerant species like chital and wild pig 38 that were found to use road-forest edges, hourly roadkill risk is a function of hourly traffic volume since their activities near the road coincide with peak hours of traffic activity (Chital and Traffic Overlap Coefficient Dhat1 = 0.82; Wild pig and Traffic Overlap Coefficient Dhat1 = 0.82). Hence use of roadside habitat by chital and wild pig, makes them more vulnerable to mortality effects. For gaur and sambar that are generally crepuscular and nocturnal species with low road-forest edge use, the roadkill risk is a direct consequence of its activity in the early morning or late evening hours (Supplementary Table S4).Hematological profiles of mice infected with chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium berghei NK-65 treated groups (Group B-G), compared with uninfected experimental control group A Hubbard, M. W., Danielson, B. J. & Schmitz, R. A. Factors influencing the location of deer-vehicle accidents in Iowa. J. Wildl. Manag. 64, 707–712 (2000). Orlowski, G. & Nowak, L. Factors influencing mammal roadkills in the agricultural landscape of south-western Poland. Pol. J. Ecol. 54, 283–294 (2006). Rajan Saxena, Indian management academic and the Vice-Chancellor of the SVKM's NMIM deemed university in Mumbai We demonstrated the applicability of the traversability model to determine species-specific AVC probabilities and AVC risk across different traffic heterogeneity and traffic volume scenarios. We found that slow moving animals and animals with large group sizes were at higher risk of AVC as a consequence of greater time required to traverse roads. Further, AVC probability is expected to be greater on wider roads, particularly high traffic roads with predominantly heavy vehicles.

Newmark, W. D., Boshe, J. I., Sariko, H. I. & Makumbule, G. K. Effects of a highway on large mammals in Mikumi National Park Tanzania. Afr. J. Ecol. 34, 15–31 (1996). Jaarsma, C. F., van Langevelde, F., Baveco, J. M., van Eupen, M. & Arisz, J. Model for rural transportation planning considering simulating mobility and traffic kills in the badger Meles meles. Ecol. Inform. 2, 73–82 (2007). Majumder, A. Prey Selection, Food Habits and Population Structure of Sympatric Carnivores: Tiger Panthera tigris tigris (L.), Leopard Panthera pardus (L.) and Dhole Cuon alpinus (Pallas) in Pench Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh (India) (Saurashtra University, Rajkot, 2011). Sarkar, D. Lattice: Multivariate Data Visualization with R. (2008). Springer, New York. ISBN 978-0-387-75968-5. accessed 25 Mar 2019; https://lmdvr.r-forge.r-project.org/. R Studio Team. RStudio: Integrated Development for R. RStudio, PBC, Boston, MA. (2016). accessed 17 Mar 2019; https://www.rstudio.com/Roads also cause some species to respond by avoidance of habitat near high traffic roads at peak traffic hours 6, 7. This avoidance of roadside habitat could result in the road becoming a barrier to animal movement 8. In addition to the risk of local species extinction 9, mortality and barrier effects together alter wildlife movement 10, 11 leading to isolation of populations 12, 13. With the global road network growth projected at more than 60% 14, and rampant increase in worldwide vehicle ownership 15, these impacts are set to accelerate in magnitude. The aqueous extract of A. boonei was formulated in distilled water corresponding to the dosages 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg kg -1 b.wt. of mice and the standard antimalarial Chloroquine (5 mg kg -1 b.wt. of mice) were also prepared. While home sanitation and individual cleanliness are consistently significant, regular hand washing with soap and fast running water for a minimum of 20 seconds has been heavily encouraged in reducing the spread of the disease [13]. Other practices, like frequent sanitizing and cleaning different surfaces, can likewise serve as an extra defensive measure just as proper hygiene [14]. We present a framework to identify species and roads vulnerable to AVC as a function of road, traffic and species characteristics, using data from traffic simulations under different traffic heterogeneity and volume scenarios, and morphometry and behavioural data of six widespread large mammals of Central India. The study was conducted on a 60 km stretch of the National Highway 44 (NH 44) passing through the Pench Tiger Reserve (PTR) in Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra states. Hirt, M. R., Jetz, W., Rall, B. C. & Brose, U. A general scaling law reveals why the largest animals are not the fastest. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 1, 1116–1122 (2017).