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Ministry of Environment and Nature Protection and Sustainable Development of Cameroon (2015). National Climate Change Adaptation Plan. These initiatives are national in scope and have a strategic planning function to guide the implementation of concrete projects at local level. The Ministry of Lands, Cadastres and Land Affairs (MINDCAF) is responsible for the overall design, implementation and evaluation of the national land ownership policy. It ensures the protection and issuance of land titles and designs cadastral plans. It plays a decisive role in the regulation of the occupation of the public maritime domain. Cameroonian legislation is made up of a set of texts that directly or indirectly regulate the sustainable management of coastal ecosystems; without claiming to be exhaustive, we can note the following texts

The above-mentioned actors intervene on the ground through strategies, programmes or projects in favour of integrated coastal zone management. Ministry of Environment and Nature Protection of Cameroon (2011). Implementation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) for the Kribi-Campo Region of Cameroon. Looking for a new meaning for the letters in Ghjhgj? Generate Fancy Text Styles for the Name Ghjhgj The Ministry of Forests and Wildlife (MINFOF) is responsible for the elaboration, execution and evaluation of the national policy on forests and wildlife. It coordinates the management and conservation of the national forests, particularly those on the country’s coastal fringe.Ghjghj is a free spirit, always seeking change, adventure, and excitement. The nucleus around which their life revolves is freedom, just like a bird needs its wings to survive, they need freedom for their very survival. The Ministry of the Economy, Planning and Territorial Development (MINEPAT) is responsible for the elaboration and coordination of planning and development projects at the local and national level in the medium and long term. It has under its supervision specialised public institutions such as the “Mission d’Étude et d’Aménagement de l’Océan” (MEAO) based in Kribi. The exploitation of regulatory texts reveals that Cameroon has a set of international and national legal texts that directly or indirectly guide the management of coastal zones. By using freedom properly, they can explore and develop all of their varied talents. Ghjghj will encounter various types of people and travel great distances. Come and join the journey of discovering yourself with freedom at the center of it all. The Inner Potentials of Ghjghj From a legal point of view, there are many texts relating to coastal management, whether they are national texts or international conventions to which Cameroon is party. Despite the large number of regulations governing coastal zone management in Cameroon, it should be noted that their implementation remains timid. Thus, several limitations can be noted, including: the weak application of the law in favour of a system of ‘administrative tolerance’; the absence of the application decree necessary for the implementation of certain laws; and the absence of a harmonised legal instrument specific to coastal zone management that is enforceable against all stakeholders ( MINEP, 2010).

Several state institutions are directly or indirectly involved in coastal zone management in Cameroon. These actors can be grouped into three main categories: Ministries and related services, decentralised territorial authorities and public and semi-public establishments.

In accordance with the above-mentioned national projects and plans, several activities have been carried out in the Kribi-Campo area within the framework of integrated coastal zone management, including: the project for the conservation and participatory management of mangrove ecosystems; the project for the sustainable community management and conservation of mangrove ecosystems in Cameroon; and the COAST (Collaborative Actions for the sustainable Tourism) project. The project on the conservation and participatory management of mangrove ecosystems is one of the implementation mechanisms of the Guinea Current Large Marine Ecosystem project. The project focused on three coastal areas of Cameroon including the Kribi-Campo area in the Southern Region. Within the framework of this project, several activities were carried out, including the restoration of mangrove ecosystems in Londji by the NGO CAFARD. Ordinance n˚ 74-2 of 6 July 1974 establishing land tenure rules 2. This text specifies that the public maritime domain is constituted by: the shores of the sea up to the limit of the highest tides as well as a zone of 50 m measured from this limit; the banks of the mouths of the watercourses subject to the influence of the sea up to the limit of the highest tides, as well as a zone of twenty-five metres from this limit. (art. 3).

Kuété, M., & Assongmo, T. (2002). Development versus Environment in the Tropics: The Example of the Coastal Region of Kribi (Cameroon). Les Cahiers d’Outre-Mer. Revue de géographie de Bordeaux, 55, 279-306. The MEAO is the main public institution involved in the management of the coastal strip, specifically the Ocean Department. Its missions include: carrying out or commissioning studies that enable it to produce a report containing appropriate, concrete and detailed proposals on the actions to be undertaken for rapid, integrated and comprehensive local development of the intervention zone; ensuring the safeguarding of the natural environmental and tourist resources of the zones; monitoring the procedures for the rational occupation of the public maritime domain, the national domain and the State domain in the Ocean Department; etc. However, it appears from observations, literature and testimonies that this organisation has difficulty in fulfilling the missions assigned to it, particularly due to the nature of its prerogatives, which are limited to studies to the detriment of the implementation of concrete development projects. Also, it is said to be in competition with other public establishments such as the Autonomous Port of Kribi (PAK). The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change was adopted in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 and ratified by Cameroon on 19 October 1994. The convention also refers to coastal areas as a sensitive ecosystem. In its preamble, the importance of the sinks and reservoirs of greenhouse gases constituted by terrestrial and marine ecosystems is noted, as well as the adverse effects of a possible rise in sea level on islands and coastal areas. The convention encourages the rational management and conservation of carbon sinks and reservoirs, particularly the oceans and coastal and marine ecosystems, through the preparation and design of appropriate and integrated plans for the management of coastal zones ( Nyogok, 2008).management (ICZM) for the Kribi-Campo region in Cameroon; the national action plan for the management of marine and coastal zones; the national strategy for the sustainable management of mangroves and other coastal ecosystems; and the national plan for adaptation to climate change. These documents were obtained through internet searches, consultation of documents from public and private services such as the Mission d’Étude pour l’Aménagement de l’Océan (MEAO) in Kribi.

The Ministry of Tourism and Leisure (MINTOUL) is responsible for the elaboration of national policy in the field of tourism. Its activities should be intense in coastal cities where the tourism sector is a key element of the economy and results in various types of development (hotels, restaurants, etc.) on the seafront with a more or less serious impact on the evolution of the coastline. Noblet, M. (2015). Adaptation to Climate Change in Coastal Areas in Canada and Senegal, a North-South Comparison. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Amiens. The town of Kribi, which constitutes our study area, is located in the southern part of the Cameroonian coastline. The particular interest given to this zone is explained by the fact that the Kribi coast is undoubtedly the one in Cameroon that has the most future, whether in terms of tourism or industrial development ( Kuété& Assongmo, 2008). This coastline has been heavily used in recent years by development activities, particularly structuring infrastructures (Kribi deep-water port) which interfere with the hydro-sedimentary dynamics of the coastal system and reinforce beach erosion. Thus, the current relatively degraded environmental state of this coastline presages major difficulties in adapting in the event of a rise in sea level, if no measures are taken to protect it from this inevitable phenomenon.Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2013). Climate Change 2013: The Scientific Basis—Summary for Policymakers. Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) (2018). Final Evaluation of the Project Sustainable Community Management and Conservation of Mangrove Ecosystems in Cameroon. The National Climate Change Adaptation Plan (NCCAP) was developed by Cameroon in 2015. This plan guides the necessary actions to ensure the country’s adaptation to the effects of climate change in accordance with the requirements of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which Cameroon has ratified. This document reveals that the coastal Agro-Ecological Zones (AEZ) with monomodal rainfall are among the most vulnerable zones to the effects of climate change. The main exposure factors identified are sea level rise, extreme weather events and flooding. The PNACC proposes an adaptation policy based on 4 strategic axes that integrate multiple projects (15), one of which is “Protection of the coastline against the effects of climate change”. Achievements under this plan have been slow to materialise, although its implementation period was planned between 2016 and 2020.