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Visual dyslexia is a reality for about 30% of the population. It can cause headaches, migraines, reading discomfort and distortion of text that can vary from mild to so severe that reading is seriously impaired or even prevented. In 1999, British scientists carried out clinical trials that “found that coloured lenses could help people with visual dyslexia.” 400 children participated in the most recent study where “90% reported a significant improvement in reading, writing and comprehension skills” whilst wearing the coloured lenses. Over the 6-month assessment period, the children showed a minimum improvement rate of 45% for their reading, writing and comprehension skills. How Do Coloured Overlays for Dyslexia Work? Evans BJW, Patel R, Wilkins AJ, Lightstone A, Eperjesi F, Speedwell L, et al. A review of the management of 323 consecutive patients seen in a specific learning difficulties clinic. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics. 1999; 19:454–466. doi: 10.1046/j.1475-1313.1999.00465.x. [ PubMed] [ CrossRef] [ Google Scholar] For Emily and Lindsay, reading passages were used from the progress monitoring probes of the Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS), which is a standardized measure and research-based tool designed to assess essential skill areas of early literacy including accurate and fluent reading (Good and Kaminski 2002) and includes leveled reading passages across kindergarten through 6th grades. Emily read from 1st grade progress monitoring probes and Lindsay read from 5th grade progress monitoring probes based on Fuchs and Fuchs ( 2011) recommendation for using passages written at the student’s current grade level. For Lisa, level 8.0 passages were selected from Marshal Adult Education™ which provides leveled passages appropriate for adult learners. To ensure that the level of reading was appropriate for each learner, the experimenters followed Fuchs and Fuchs recommendation on how to identify the level of material for monitoring progress for Passage Reading Fluency. Fuchs and Fuchs recommend, “If the student reads more than 50 correct words in 1minute, move to the highest level of text where he/she reads between 10 and 50 words correct in 1minute” (p. 11). DeLeon IG, Iwata BA. Evaluation of a multiple-stimulus presentation format for assessing reinforcer preferences. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis. 1996; 29:519–533. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1996.29-519. [ PMC free article] [ PubMed] [ CrossRef] [ Google Scholar]
Many people who experience these issues find that placing coloured overlays onto the printed reading material helps alleviate discomfort and can improve reading efficiency and comprehension. Some people who experience headaches and other forms of visual discomfort have also found improvements from using these overlays. Cerium coloured overlays (shown with testing set). credit:ceriumvistechproducts.com Software solutions Good RH, Kaminski RA. Dynamic indicators of basic early literacy skills. 6. Eugene, OR: Institute for the Development of Educational Achievement; 2002. [ Google Scholar] Dyslexia can make study at any age more of a challenge, causing frustrations on a daily basis. Many people with dyslexia may also suffer from Visual Stress, in which use of colour, especially when reading, can alleviate symptoms. Our collection of Dyslexia stationery can make study and work more enjoyable and comfortable. Our dyslexia aids include a variety of writing and reading tools that are specifically designed for children and adults who sometimes find learning more challenging. Most worrying is that these simple coloured sheets may provide false hope in a struggling reader and result in feelings of discouragement when this intervention fails to deliver the promised results. Singleton C, Trotter S. Visual stress in adults with and without dyslexia. Journal of Research in Reading. 2005; 28:365–378. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9817.2005.00275.x. [ CrossRef] [ Google Scholar]Wilkins A. Coloured overlays and their effects on reading speed: A review. Opthalmological and Physiological Optics. 2002; 22:448–454. doi: 10.1046/j.1475-1313.2002.00079.x. [ PubMed] [ CrossRef] [ Google Scholar] While the use of this unsupported intervention may not pose an imminent harm, use of coloured lenses and filters might deprive people affected by dyslexia of effective interventions such as targeted phonics instruction, as well as waste valuable time and resources associated with gaining a prescription for coloured lens or sheets. O'Connor PD, Sofo F, Kendall L, Olsen G. Reading disabilities and the effects of colored filters. Journal of Learning Disabilities. 1990; 23(10):597–603. doi: 10.1177/002221949002301006. [ PubMed] [ CrossRef] [ Google Scholar] The effectiveness of dyslexia glasses and lenses can vary from person to person, as dyslexia is a complex condition with individual differences. Helveston EM. Scotopic sensitivity syndrome. Arch Ophthalmology. 1990; 108(9):1232–1233. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1990.01070110048023. [ PubMed] [ CrossRef] [ Google Scholar]
The main aim of DRT research into visual and auditory weaknesses in poor readers is to develop treatments that will help them, and to prove by properly controlled trials that they work. We have shown that simple treatments such as viewing text through blue or yellow coloured filters, musical training or eating oily fish, really can help children to learn to read. Colored lenses provided by optometrists and vision specialists to treat reading problems are not the same as the Irlen Method. These professionals do not have the correct diagnostic process for color selection and inaccurate color selection can result in worsening symptoms. Is it Dyslexia or Irlen Syndrome? It was the most important moment of my life. For the first time in my life I could see text clear as glass. I was astounded…. All I could think to say was 'How did they do that?'" Visual Stress can exist on its own or alongside other dyslexia-related difficulties and other SpLDs. This set of difficulties is sometimes called "visual dyslexia," but it is not actually dyslexia. Visual dyslexia needs to be objectively observed. Most sufferers are not aware that their experience of reading differs from that of other people. Fortunately, behaviour associated with visual stress can be quite easy to spot.Wilkins AJ, Sihra N, Myers A. Increasing reading speed by using colours: Issues concerning reliability and specificity, and their theoretical and practical implications. Perception. 2005; 34:109–120. doi: 10.1068/p5045. [ PubMed] [ CrossRef] [ Google Scholar] All sessions were conducted in the homes of the participants with one exception—halfway through the study, Emily’s sessions moved from her dining room to a small classroom at her school. Both settings included tables and chairs. To control for setting variables, baseline was conducted in the new setting before a Modeling intervention was implemented. For Lindsay and Lisa, all sessions were conducted in a small room with a table and chairs in the home. All Overlay and No Overlay sessions (described below) lasted 1min. Modeling and Listening-Passage-Preview sessions (described below) lasted less than 5min but varied in length depending on how long it took the experimenter to read the passage aloud. Approximately three sessions were conducted per week. According to the International Dyslexia Association, “Dyslexia is a language-based learning disability. Dyslexia refers to a cluster of symptoms, which result in people having difficulties with specific language skills, particularly reading. Students with dyslexia usually experience difficulties with other language skills such as spelling, writing, and pronouncing words.”
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