The Last Days of the Ottoman Empire

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The Morean (Peloponnesian) fortress of Mystras, where Constantine's brothers Thomas and Demetrius ruled, constantly in conflict with each other and knowing that Mehmed would eventually invade them as well, held out until 1460. Long before the fall of Constantinople, Demetrius had fought for the throne with Thomas, Constantine, and their other brothers John and Theodore. [105] :446 Thomas escaped to Rome when the Ottomans invaded Morea while Demetrius expected to rule a puppet state, but instead was imprisoned and remained there for the rest of his life. In Rome, Thomas and his family received some monetary support from the Pope and other Western rulers as Byzantine emperor in exile, until 1503. In 1461, the independent Byzantine state in Trebizond fell to Mehmed. [105] :446 Ottoman architecture also helped define the culture of the time. Elaborate mosques and public buildings were constructed during this period.

a b c d (in Latin) Leonardo di Chio, Letter to Pope Nicholas V, dated 16 August 1453, edited by J.-P. Migne, Patrologia Graeca, 159, 923A–944B.Hillenbrand, Carole (21 November 2007). Turkish Myth and Muslim Symbol: The battle of Mazikert. p.175. ISBN 978-0-7486-3115-5. The siege of Constantinople, 1453: seven contemporary accounts. Translated by J.R. Melville Jones. 1972. This is a tremendously thought provoking and interesting book. Although I wouldn't boast of having read much directly on this subject, Prof. Gingeras along with Sean McMeekin's 'The Ottoman End Game' are best works in English on this subject, I have read other books on the history of the middle east so had some knowle Marios Philippides and Walter K. Hanak, The Siege and the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, (Ashgate Publishing, 2011), 520. Halil (2001). Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Klasik Çağ (1300–1600)[ The Ottoman Empire, The Classical Age, 1300–1600]. Translated by Itzkouritz, Norman; Imber, Colin. London: Orion.

Peirce, Leslie. "The sultanate of women". Channel 4. Archived from the original on 2007-12-03 . Retrieved 2009-04-18. The Ottomans were known for their achievements in art, science and medicine. Istanbul and other major cities throughout the empire were recognized as artistic hubs, especially during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent.After the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by Mehmed II, Ottoman sultans came to regard themselves as the successors of the Roman Empire, hence their occasional use of the titles caesar ( قیصر qayser) of Rûm, and emperor, [6] [8] [9] as well as the caliph of Islam. [b] Newly enthroned Ottoman rulers were girded with the Sword of Osman, an important ceremony that served as the equivalent of European monarchs' coronation. [10] A non-girded sultan was not eligible to have his children included in the line of succession. [11] For others, there was still a distant hope that the lights were the campfires of the troops of John Hunyadi who had come to relieve the city. It is possible that all these phenomena were local effects of the cataclysmic 1452/1453 mystery eruption which occurred around the time of the siege. The "fire" seen may have been an optical illusion due to the reflection of intensely red twilight glow by clouds of volcanic ash high in the atmosphere. [115] Glassé, Cyril, ed. (2003). "Ottomans". The New Encyclopedia of Islam. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. ISBN 978-0-7591-0190-6. OCLC 52611080 . Retrieved 2009-05-02. Some of the most popular forms of art included calligraphy, painting, poetry, textiles and carpet weaving, ceramics and music. Sakaoğlu, Necdet (1993–94). "İstanbul'un adları" [The names of Istanbul]. Dünden bugüne İstanbul ansiklopedisi (in Turkish). Istanbul: Türkiye Kültür Bakanlığı.

Throughout Sultan Suleiman’s rule, the empire expanded and included areas of Eastern Europe. What Countries Were Part of the Ottoman Empire? Michael Spilling, ed., Battles That Changed History: Key Battles That Decided the Fate of Nations ( London, Amber Books Ltd. 2010) p. 187. Lowry 2003, p. 78. "Based on these charters, all of which were drawn up between 1324 and 1360 (almost one hundred fifty years prior to the emergence of the Ottoman dynastic myth identifying them as members of the Kayı branch of the Oguz federation of Turkish tribes), we may posit that..."

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Karateke, Hakan T. (2005). "Who is the Next Ottoman Sultan? Attempts to Change the Rule of Succession during the Nineteenth Century". In Weismann, Itzchak; Zachs, Fruma (eds.). Ottoman Reform and Muslim Regeneration: Studies in Honour of Butrus Abu-Manneb. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-85043-757-4. OCLC 60416792 . Retrieved 2009-05-02. Sykes-Picot AgreementRead about the Sykes-Picot Agreement, one of the agreements that partitioned the Ottoman Empire and helped determine the political and cultural boundaries of the modern Middle East. Beg, Tursun (1978). The History of Mehmed the Conqueror. Translated by Inalcik, Halil; Murphey, Rhoads. Chicago: Biblioteca Islamica. On 21 May, Mehmed sent an ambassador to Constantinople and offered to lift the siege if they gave him the city. He promised he would allow the Emperor and any other inhabitants to leave with their possessions. He would recognize the Emperor as governor of the Peloponnese. Lastly, he guaranteed the safety of the population that might choose to remain in the city. Constantine XI only agreed to pay higher tributes to the sultan and recognized the status of all the conquered castles and lands in the hands of the Turks as Ottoman possessions. The Emperor was not willing to leave the city without a fight: Niccola della Tuccia, whose Cronaca di Viterbo written in the autumn of 1453 contains unique information

George Sphrantzes. The Fall of the Byzantine Empire: A Chronicle by George Sphrantzes 1401–1477. Translated by Marios Philippides. University of Massachusetts Press, 1980. ISBN 978-0-87023-290-9. Crowley, Roger (2013). Constantinople. Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-29820-4 . Retrieved 2 March 2021.Wheatcroft, Andrew (2003): The Infidels: The Conflict Between Christendom and Islam, 638–2002. Viking Publishing ISBN 0-670-86942-2. Eparkhos and Diplovatatzes, two refugees whose accounts has become garbled through multiple translations