A History of Central Banking in Great Britain and the United States (Studies in Macroeconomic History)

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Walter Augustus Hawley (1918). Asia Minor. Elibron.com. ISBN 9781402185458 . Retrieved 3 June 2012.

The most notable of the Jewish banking families in the 16th-century Ottoman Empire was the Marrano banking house of Mendes, which moved to Istanbul in 1552, under the protection of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. When Alvaro Mendes arrived in Istanbul in 1588, he is reported to have brought with him 85,000 gold ducats. [145] The Mendes family soon acquired a dominating position in the state finances of the Ottoman Empire and in commerce with Europe. [146] Pompeius Occo (1483–1537) came from a northern German family and grew up in Augsburg. In 1511 he settled in Amsterdam as a representative of the Fugger banking house and business firm of Augsburg. secondary – Dio Chrysostom Orations: 7, 12 and 36 (Edited by: D. A. Russell, St John's College, Oxford) Cambridge University Press 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2012 Committee of Finance and Industry 1931 (Macmillan Report) description of the founding of Bank of England. Arno Press. 1979. ISBN 9780405112126. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023 . Retrieved 10 May 2010. Its foundation in 1694 arose out the difficulties of the Government of the day in securing subscriptions to State loans. Its primary purpose was to raise and lend money to the State and in consideration of this service it received under its Charter and various Act of Parliament, certain privileges of issuing bank notes. The corporation commenced, with an assured life of twelve years after which the Government had the right to annul its Charter on giving one year's notice. Subsequent extensions of this period coincided generally with the grant of additional loans to the State.Crusades [ edit ] Adhemar de Monteil in chain mail carrying the Holy Lance in one of the battles of the First Crusade Banking Origin and Development". Invest and Income. Archived from the original on 8 August 2011 . Retrieved 26 July 2011. {{ cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( link)

Michael Stephen Smith (2006). The Emergence of Modern Business Enterprise in France, 1800–1930. Harvard UP. p.59. ISBN 9780674019393. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023 . Retrieved 29 September 2018. Collins, Christopher. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History, Volume 3. Banking: Middle Ages and Early Modern Period, Oxford University Press, 2012, p. 223 a b c C Kleinhenz (2004). Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia, Volume 1. Routledge, 2004. ISBN 0415939305 . Retrieved 14 July 2012. These forged notes were printed in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp outside Berlin. The project was codenamed ‘Operation Bernhard’. Banks with large customers shifted into public enterprises, and forced to lend to the government for developmental plans. Meanwhile, money supply grew in real terms and as a proportion of GDP. Based on central bank planning policy, the CBE willingly obliged to lend to public enterprises according to the government instruction. During the Ethiopian Civil War, the profitable public enterprises reduced due to worsened foreign exchange shortages, and bankruptcy issues. They soon recovered as foreign exchange became more readily available. The lending to private sector, which was varying between 30% and 40% of loans and advance between 1981 and 1993, was equally straightforward, without foreign exchange; potential borrowers were not creditable and foreign exchange allocation is ideally profitable. [12] Commercial Bank of Ethiopia branches and offices in June 1994

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C Anthon – A Classical Dictionary: Containing an Account of the Principal Proper Names Mentioned in Ancient Authors and Intended to Elucidate All the Important Points Connected with Geography, History, Biography, Mythology, and Fine Arts of the Greeks and Romans; Together with an Account of Coins, Weights, and Measures, with Tabular Values of the Same Harper & Brothers, 1855 – Retrieved 10 June 2012 S R Steadman, G McMahon – The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia: (10,000–323 Bce) Oxford University Press, 5 September 2011 ISBN 0195376145 Retrieved 25 June 2012 The Manumission of Slaves in Early Christianity By James Albert Harrill ISBN 3161469356 Retrieved 18 June 2012 This book explores the journey of central banking from ancient to modern times, covering the major events, challenges, and innovations that had a hand in its development, including: B R Braxton – The tyranny of resolution: I Corinthians 7:17–24 Society of Biblical Literature, 2000 Retrieved 14 June 2012

Hudson, M. (26 February 2012). Entrepreneurs: From the Near Eastern Takeoff to the Roman Collapse within The Invention of Enterprise: Entrepreneurship from Ancient Mesopotamia to Modern Times. Princeton University Press, The Kauffman Foundation Series on Innovation and Entrepreneurship. p.16. ISBN 978-1400833580 . Retrieved 8 September 2015. In general, it was seen as advantageous to avoid debt at all, to avoid being bound to someone else. Debt was to be avoided and not used to finance consumption, except when in need. However, laws against usury were among many the prophets condemned the people for breaking. [126]Halil Inalcik suggests that, in the 16th century, Marrano Jews ( Doña Gracia from the House of Mendes) fleeing from Iberia introduced the techniques of European capitalism, banking and even the mercantilist concept of state economy to the Ottoman Empire. [143] In the 16th century, the leading financiers in Istanbul were Greeks and Jews. Many of the Jewish financiers were Marranos who had fled from Iberia during the period leading up to the expulsion of Jews from Spain. Some of these families brought great fortunes with them. [144] A R David Handbook to Life in Ancient Egypt Oxford University Press, 28 October 1999 ISBN 0195132157 Retrieved 9 June 2012 On 10 August 1914, the Court of Directors minutes announced that the Governor ‘had granted leave with full pay to as many clerks as could possibly be spared to serve in the Defensive Forces of the Country.’

During the late 3rd and 2nd century BCE, the Aegean island of Delos became a prominent banking center. [98] During the 2nd century, there were for certain three banks and one temple depository within the city. [99]William Smith – Dictionary of Greek and Roman geography, Volume 2 Walton & Maberly, 1857 Retrieved 14 July 2012 KR Nemet-Nejat – Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia Greenwood Publishing Group, 1998 Retrieved 10 July 2012 ISBN 0313294976 Zimmermann, Reinhard (1996). The Law of Obligations: Roman Foundations of the Civilian Tradition (reprint, reviseded.). Oxford University Press. p.514. ISBN 019876426X.