The Crusader’s Cross: From the Sunday Times bestselling author comes an unmissable new Ben Hope thriller: Book 24

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Painter, Sidney (1977). " The Crusade of Theobald of Champagne and Richard of Cornwall, 1239–1241.". In Setton, K., A History of the Crusades: Volume II. pp. 463–486. Baldwin II and Morphia married their eldest daughter Melisende of Jerusalem to Fulk V of Anjou in 1129 in anticipation of a royal succession. Baldwin II fell ill in Antioch and died on 21 August 1131. [58] Fulk and Melisende were crowned joint rulers of Jerusalem on 14 September 1131 in the same church where Baldwin II had been laid to rest. [59] Fulk assumed full control of the government, excluding Melisende, as he favored fellow Angevins to the native nobility. [60] The rise of Zengi Tyerman, Christopher (2006). God's War: A New History of the Crusades. Belknap Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02387-1. Gibb, Hamilton A. R. (1969). " Chapter XVI. The Career of Nūr-ad-Din". In Setton, Kenneth M.; Baldwin, Marshall W. (eds.). A History of the Crusades: Volume One. The First Hundred Years. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 513–528. The major crusades of the 14th century include: the Crusade against the Dulcinians; the Crusade of the Poor; the Anti-Catalan Crusade; the Shepherds' Crusade; the Smyrniote Crusades; the Crusade against Novgorod; the Savoyard Crusade; the Alexandrian Crusade; the Despenser's Crusade; the Mahdia, Tedelis, and Bona Crusades; and the Crusade of Nicopolis.

Barker, Ernest (1911). " Raymund of Antioch". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 22. (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press. p. 934. Housley, Norman (1982). The Italian Crusades: The Papal-Angevin Alliance and the Crusades Against Christian Lay Powers, 1254–1343. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-821925-5. The fall of Edessa caused great consternation in Jerusalem and Western Europe, tempering the enthusiastic success of the First Crusade. Calls for a new crusade–the Second Crusade–were immediate, and was the first to be led by European kings. Concurrent campaigns as part of the Reconquista and Northern Crusades are also sometimes associated with this Crusade. [72] The aftermath of the Crusade saw the Muslim world united around Saladin, leading to the fall of Jerusalem. [73] The Second Crusade This Jerusalem Cross was unearthed, by a team of American archeologists, in the hidden tomb of the first Christian King of Jerusalem. Scholars have found that the large central cross represents the strength of Christianity. The four smaller crosses represent the spread of Christianity to the four corners of the earth. And the red of the garnets represent God's sacrifice for man. By February 1219, the Crusaders now had Damietta surrounded, and al-Kamil opened negotiations with the Crusaders, asking for envoys to come to his camp. He offered to surrender the kingdom of Jerusalem, less the fortresses of al-Karak and Krak de Montréal, guarding the road to Egypt, in exchange for the evacuation of Egypt. John of Brienne and the other secular leaders were in favor of the offer, as the original objective of the Crusade was the recovery of Jerusalem. But Pelagius and the leaders of the Templars and Hospitallers refused. [122] Later, Francis of Assisi arrived to negotiate unsuccessfully with the sultan. [123]Mayer, Hans Eberhard. " The Succession to Baldwin II of Jerusalem: English Impact on the East". Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Volume 39 (1985), pp. 139–147. Christie, Niall (2014). Muslims and Crusaders: Christianity's Wars in the Middle East, 1095–1382, from the Islamic Sources. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-54310-2.

Following John's death, the Byzantine army withdrew, leaving Zengi unopposed. Fulk's death later in the year left Joscelin II of Edessa with no powerful allies to help defend Edessa. Zengi came north to begin the first siege of Edessa, arriving on 28 November 1144. [68] The city had been warned of his arrival and was prepared for a siege, but there was little they could do. Zengi realized there was no defending force and surrounded the city. The walls collapsed on 24 December 1144. Zengi's troops rushed into the city, killing all those who were unable to flee. All the Frankish prisoners were executed, but the native Christians were allowed to live. The Crusaders were dealt their first major defeat. [69] The Crusaders used the Jerusalem Cross as an emblem; bearing the symbol on the papal banner given to them by Pope Urban II. It was adopted by Godfrey de Bouillon as his personal coat of arms. He was one of the leaders of the Crusades and became the first ruler of Jerusalem (he refused the title of “king”) after successfully driving out the Moslems during the First Crusade in 1099. Popular interpretations of the Jerusalem Cross: The modern Flag of Georgia was introduced in 2004 on the basis of the flag of Tbilisi shown in the Pizzigano chart. Cate, James Lea (1969). " The Crusade of 1101." In Setton, K. A History of the Crusades: I. pp. 343–352. Nicholson, Helen (2006). "Third Crusade (1189–1192)". In The Crusades: An Encyclopedia. pp. 1174–1181.a b Baldwin, Marshall W. (1969). " Chapter XVII. The Latin States under Baldwin III and Amalric I, 1143–1174". In Setton, Kenneth M.; Baldwin, Marshall W. (eds.). A History of the Crusades: Volume One. The First Hundred Years. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 528–563. Some other variations display all five crosses in the symbol as crosses potent or the main cross in the center as a Greek cross and smaller ones as crosses potent. There is also a fourth variant where all the crosses are shown as Greek crosses. A Crusader Cross, Also Known as Jerusalem Cross by Sidhe The Jerusalem Cross Meaning And Symbolism

Michael Ott (1909). " Pope Gregory IX". In Catholic Encyclopedia. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company. In the early 20th century, the Jerusalem cross also came to be used as a symbol of world evangelisation in Protestantism. A derived design known as the " Episcopal Church Service Cross" was first used during World War I by the Anglican Episcopal Church in the United States. [13] The Jerusalem cross was chosen as the emblem of the Deutscher Evangelischer Kirchentag (German Evangelical Church Congress) in the 1950s, since the 1960s shown in a simplified form where the central Cross potent is replaced by a simple Greek cross.The disastrous performance of this campaign in the Holy Land damaged the standing of the papacy, soured relations between the Christians of the kingdom and the West for many years, and encouraged the Muslims of Syria to even greater efforts to defeat the Franks. The dismal failures of this Crusade then set the stage for the fall of Jerusalem, leading to the Third Crusade. [79] Nūr-ad-Din and the rise of Saladin Riley-Smith, Jonathan (2001). The Oxford Illustrated History of The Crusades. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-285428-5. Runciman, Steven (1954). A History of the Crusades, Volume Three: The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-34772-3. The Jerusalem cross is often used in frequency selective surface applications. The Jerusalem cross is an attractive choice for the periodic element because such a choice makes the frequency selective surface less sensitive to angle of incidence. [14] See also [ edit ]