Spartan Victory: The Inside Story of the Battle for Brexit

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Bradford, Ernle (1980). The Battle for the West: Thermopylae. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. pp.68–69. ISBN 0-07-007062-8. Plutarch, The Life of Lycurgus (written 75, trans. John Dryden 9999), The Internet Classics Archive Translation by William Shepherd, from the Cambridge series of translations by Greek and Roman authors. In 1997, a second monument was officially unveiled by the Greek government, dedicated to the 700 Thespians who fought with the Spartans. The monument is made of marble and features a bronze statue depicting the god Eros, to whom the ancient Thespians accorded particular religious veneration. Under the statue, a sign reads: "In memory of the seven hundred Thespians."

Finley, Moses (1972). "Introduction". Thucydides – History of the Peloponnesian War (translated by Rex Warner). Penguin. ISBN 0-14-044039-9. On the north side of the roadway was the Malian Gulf, into which the land shelved gently. When at a later date, an army of Gauls led by Brennus attempted to force the pass, the shallowness of the water gave the Greek fleet great difficulty getting close enough to the fighting to bombard the Gauls with ship-borne missile weapons.Sarathi Bose, Partha (2003). Alexander the Great's Art of Strategy. Gotham. p.134. ISBN 1-59240-053-1. Archived from the original on 10 May 2023 . Retrieved 22 March 2023.

Spartans trained in pankration, a famous martial art in Ancient Greece that consisted of boxing and grappling. Spartans were so adept in pankration that they were mostly forbidden to compete when it was inducted in the Olympic Games. [ citation needed] Hellenistic period [ edit ] Strachey, Edward (February 1871). "The Soldiers' Duty". The Contemporary Review. London: Strahan & Co. XVI: 480–485. century hoplite. Diodorus suggests that there were 1,000 Lacedemonians and 3,000 other Peloponnesians, totalling 4,000. Herodotus agrees with this figure in one passage, quoting an inscription by Simonides saying there were 4,000 Peloponnesians. [72] However, elsewhere, in the passage summarized by the above table, Herodotus tallies 3,100 Peloponnesians at Thermopylae before the battle. [52] Herodotus also reports that at Xerxes' public showing of the dead, "helots were also there for them to see", [73] but he does not say how many or in what capacity they served. Thus, the difference between his two figures can be squared by supposing (without proof) that there were 900 helots (three per Spartan) present at the battle. [71] If helots were present at the battle, there is no reason to doubt that they served in their traditional role as armed retainers to individual Spartans. [ citation needed] Alternatively, Herodotus' "missing" 900 troops might have been Perioeci, and could therefore correspond to Diodorus' 1,000 Lacedemonians. [71]Some subsequent ancient historians, despite following in his footsteps, criticised Herodotus, starting with Thucydides. [117] [118] Nevertheless, Thucydides chose to begin his history where Herodotus left off (at the Siege of Sestos), and therefore evidently felt that Herodotus's history was accurate enough no

The city-states of Athens and Eretria had aided the unsuccessful Ionian Revolt against the Persian Empire of Darius I in 499–494 BC. The Persian Empire was still relatively young and prone to revolts amongst its subject peoples. [24] [25] Darius, moreover, was a The naked body symbolizes Eros, the most important god of the ancient Thespians, a god of creation, beauty and life.

Influencing a king

Naqs-e Rostam – Encyclopaedia Iranica List of nationalities of the Achaemenid military with corresponding drawings. Archived from the original on 17 September 2020 . Retrieved 18 October 2018. Plutarch, /main.html Apophthegmata Laconica, section "Leonidas, son of Anaxandridas", saying 6, Vol. III of the Loeb Classical Library edition, 1931

Archaeological evidence, such as the Serpent Column (now in the Hippodrome of Constantinople), also supports some of Herodotus' specific reports. [15] George B. Grundy was the first modern historian to do a thorough topographical survey of Thermopylae, and led some modern writers (such as Liddell Hart) to revise their views of certain aspects of the battle. [16] [17] Grundy also explored Plataea and wrote a treatise on that battle. [18]Sekunda, Nicholas (1986). The Ancient Greeks: Armies of Classical Greece, 5th and 4th Centuries BC (Elite Series #7). Osprey Publications. ISBN 0-85045-686-X. Ctesias, who wrote a history of Persia based on Persian archives, claimed there were 120,000 Persian and 7,000 Greek soldiers, but his account is generally garbled (for instance, placing this battle before Salamis, he also says there were only 300 Spartans, 1000 perioeci and 6000 from the other cities at Plataea, perhaps confusing it with Thermopylae). [70] Strategic and tactical considerations [ edit ] Aristides, commander of the Athenians, informed by Alexander I of Macedon (a nominal ally of the Achaemenids) that delaying the encounter with the Persians would help further diminish their already low supplies. Battle of Plataea, 479 BC.