Sea and Land: An Environmental History of the Caribbean

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Clark, Liesl (15 February 2000). "Polynesia's Genius Navigators". NOVA. Archived from the original on 30 November 2016 . Retrieved 11 September 2017. Deutsch; etal. (2011). "Climate-Forced Variability of Ocean Hypoxia". Science. 333 (6040): 336–339. Bibcode: 2011Sci...333..336D. doi: 10.1126/science.1202422. PMID 21659566. S2CID 11752699.

Gordon, Arnold (2004). "Ocean Circulation". The Climate System. Columbia University. Archived from the original on 16 March 2013 . Retrieved 6 July 2013. Gupta, Manoj (2010). Indian Ocean Region: Maritime Regimes for Regional Cooperation. Springer. p.57. ISBN 978-1-4419-5989-8. Archived from the original on 9 June 2020 . Retrieved 22 January 2019. a b c d "Ocean Currents". Ocean Explorer. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 18 October 2014 . Retrieved 19 April 2013. Level-2 WCT (Water Combined Temperature, i.e. Sea Surface Temperature for single and dual view, note that this is only distributed to members of the calibration-validation team and not to all users) Oxygen in the Sea". Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute. 3 June 2010. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 6 July 2013.

Main issues

Main article: Coast Praia da Marinha in Algarve, Portugal The Baltic Sea in the archipelago of Turku, Finland Steele, John H.; Thorpe, Steve A.; Turekian, Karl K., eds. (2010). Marine Ecological Processes: A Derivative of the Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences. Academic Press. p.316. ISBN 978-0-12-375724-1. Archived from the original on 30 July 2022 . Retrieved 21 November 2020. The technical distinction used for the purposes of geography is that an ocean is one of the five (or seven) divisions of these waters, while a sea is a smaller portion of the ocean, most often one bounded by land in some way. a b c "The Physics of Tsunamis". Earth and Space Sciences. University of Washington. Archived from the original on 16 February 2015 . Retrieved 21 September 2013.

However, they’ll spend most of their daytime in or underwater. River otters are great gourmands. A typical day of a river otter requires 6-9 hours of hunting. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Stow, Dorrik (2004). Encyclopedia of the Oceans. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-860687-1.Muller, R. D.; Sdrolias, M.; Gaina, C.; Steinberger, B.; Heine, C. (2008). "Long-Term Sea-Level Fluctuations Driven by Ocean Basin Dynamics". Science. 319 (5868): 1357–1362. Bibcode: 2008Sci...319.1357M. doi: 10.1126/science.1151540. PMID 18323446. S2CID 23334128. Walruses are large animals characterized by long tusks and a funny land movement. They are terrestrial marine mammals who live in cold environments near the North Pole. The seabed contains large reserves of minerals which can be exploited by dredging. This has advantages over land-based mining in that equipment can be built at specialised shipyards and infrastructure costs are lower. Disadvantages include problems caused by waves and tides, the tendency for excavations to silt up and the washing away of spoil heaps. There is a risk of coastal erosion and environmental damage. [185] Minerals precipitated near a hydrothermal vent Although walruses are primarily land animals, they spend about two-thirds of their time in the water. They are very graceful in the water, and they can swim up to 22 mph (35 km/h). Gators spend most of their time in the water. At the surface, underwater, or at the very bottom. They usually stay 20 minutes submerged, but when resting, and when the conditions are right, alligators can hold their breath for up to 24 hours.

The environmental issues that affect the sea can loosely be grouped into those that stem from marine pollution, from over exploitation and those that stem from climate change. They all impact marine ecosystems and food webs and may result in consequences as yet unrecognised for the biodiversity and continuation of marine life forms. [213] An overview of environmental issues is shown below:It’s much more likely for people to refer to a specific ocean as the sea than for them to refer to a specific sea as the ocean. Vesilind, Priit J. (2003). "The Driest Place on Earth". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011 . Retrieved 12 September 2013. The salinity of water bodies varies widely, being lower near the surface and the mouths of large rivers and higher in the depths of the ocean; however, the relative proportions of dissolved salts vary little across the oceans. The most abundant solid dissolved in seawater is sodium chloride. The water also contains salts of magnesium, calcium, potassium, and mercury, amongst many other elements, some in minute concentrations. Coastal Salt Marsh". Mildred E. Mathias Botanical Garden. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015 . Retrieved 11 July 2013.