Rypet Dog Bat Costume - Halloween Pet Costume Bat Wings Cosplay Dog Costume Cat Costume for Party XL

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Srinivasulu, C. & Molur, S. (2020). "Bats don't cause or spread Covid-19". Zoo's Print. 35 (4): 1–3. Jenness, R.; Birney, E.; Ayaz, K. (1980). "Variation of L-gulonolactone oxidase activity in placental mammals". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B. 67 (2): 195–204. doi: 10.1016/0305-0491(80)90131-5.

Neuweiler, Gerhard (2000). "The Circulatory and Respiratory Systems". The Biology of Bats. Oxford University Press. pp.43–62. ISBN 978-0-1950-9951-5. Stawski, C.; Willis, C. K. R.; Geiser, F. (2014). "The importance of temporal heterothermy in bats". J Zool. 292 (2): 86–100. doi: 10.1111/jzo.12105. Hodgkison, R.; Balding, S. T.; Zuibad, A.; Kunz, T. H. (2003). "Fruit Bats (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) as Seed Dispersers and Pollinators in a Lowland Malaysian Rain Forest". Biotropica. 35 (4): 491–502. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2003.tb00606.x. S2CID 86327074.a b c Muller, R. (2004). "A numerical study of the role of the tragus in the big brown bat". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 116 (6): 3701–3712. Bibcode: 2004ASAJ..116.3701M. doi: 10.1121/1.1815133. PMID 15658720. Holbrook, K. A.; Odland, G. F. (1978). "A collagen and elastic network in the wing of the bat". Journal of Anatomy. 126 (Pt 1): 21–36. PMC 1235709. PMID 649500.

When on the ground, most bats can only crawl awkwardly. A few species such as the New Zealand lesser short-tailed bat and the common vampire bat are agile on the ground. Both species make lateral gaits (the limbs move one after the other) when moving slowly but vampire bats move with a bounding gait (all limbs move in unison) at greater speeds, the folded up wings being used to propel them forward. Vampire bat likely evolved these gaits to follow their hosts while short-tailed bats developed in the absence of terrestrial mammal competitors. Enhanced terrestrial locomotion does not appear to have reduced their ability to fly. [65] Internal systems [ edit ] Eiting, T. P.; Gunnell, G. F. (2009). "Global completeness of the bat fossil record". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 16 (3): 151–173. doi: 10.1007/s10914-009-9118-x. S2CID 5923450.Pavey, C. R.; Burwell, C. J. (1998). "Bat Predation on Eared Moths: A Test of the Allotonic Frequency Hypothesis". Oikos. 81 (1): 143–151. doi: 10.2307/3546476. JSTOR 3546476. Bats consume large numbers of insects in just one night, ensuring natural population control. Because they control insect numbers, they also limit the spread of diseases carried by insects, such as the West Nile virus. Bats are also valuable in controlling insects that eat crops, such as leafhoppers, moths, and beetles. Kerth, G.; Perony, N.; Schweitzer, F. (2011). "Bats are able to maintain long-term social relationships despite the high fission–fusion dynamics of their groups". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 278 (1719): 2761–2767. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2010.2718. PMC 3145188. PMID 21307051. Fullard, J. H. (1998). "Moth Ears and Bat Calls: Coevolution or Coincidence?". In Hoy, R. R.; Fay, R. R.; Popper, A. N. (eds.). Comparative Hearing: Insects. Springer Handbook of Auditory Research. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4612-6828-4. It takes a lot of energy and an efficient circulatory system to work the flight muscles of bats. Energy supply to the muscles engaged in flight requires about double the amount compared to the muscles that do not use flight as a means of mammalian locomotion. In parallel to energy consumption, blood oxygen levels of flying animals are twice as much as those of their terrestrially locomoting mammals. As the blood supply controls the amount of oxygen supplied throughout the body, the circulatory system must respond accordingly. Therefore, compared to a terrestrial mammal of the same relative size, the bat's heart can be up to three times larger, and pump more blood. [72] Cardiac output is directly derived from heart rate and stroke volume of the blood; [73] an active microbat can reach a heart rate of 1000 beats per minute. [74]

a b Popa-Lisseanu, A. G.; Delgado-Huertas, A.; Forero, M. G.; Rodríguez, A.; Arlettaz, R.; Ibáñez, C. (2007). "Bats' Conquest of a Formidable Foraging Niche: The Myriads of Nocturnally Migrating Songbirds". PLOS ONE. 2 (2): e205. Bibcode: 2007PLoSO...2..205P. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000205. PMC 1784064. PMID 17299585. Paleontologists Determine Original Color of Extinct Bats". SciNews. 29 September 2015 . Retrieved 10 September 2017.

Surlykke, A.; Ghose, K.; Moss, C. F. (2009). "Acoustic scanning of natural scenes by echolocation in the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus". Journal of Experimental Biology. 212 (Pt 7): 1011–1020. doi: 10.1242/jeb.024620. PMC 2726860. PMID 19282498. Van de Bussche, R. A.; Hoofer, S. R. (2004). "Phylogenetic relationships among recent chiropteran families and the importance of choosing appropriate out-group taxa". Journal of Mammalogy. 85 (2): 321–330. doi: 10.1644/1545-1542(2004)085<0321:Prarcf>2.0.Co;2. Sophasarun, N. "Experts debunk bats' bad rap". Online extra. National Geographic. Archived from the original on 30 December 2007 . Retrieved 14 November 2017. Teeling, E. C.; Madsen, O; Van Den Bussche, R. A.; de Jong, W. W.; Stanhope, M. J.; Springer, M. S. (2002). "Microbat paraphyly and the convergent evolution of a key innovation in Old World rhinolophoid microbats". PNAS. 99 (3): 1431–1436. Bibcode: 2002PNAS...99.1431T. doi: 10.1073/pnas.022477199. PMC 122208. PMID 11805285. In low-duty cycle echolocation, bats can separate their calls and returning echoes by time. They have to time their short calls to finish before echoes return. [87] The delay of the returning echoes allows the bat to estimate the range to their prey. [85] In high-duty cycle echolocation, bats emit a continuous call and separate pulse and echo in frequency using the Doppler effect of their motion in flight. The shift of the returning echoes yields information relating to the motion and location of the bat's prey. These bats must deal with changes in the Doppler shift due to changes in their flight speed. They have adapted to change their pulse emission frequency in relation to their flight speed so echoes still return in the optimal hearing range. [87] [88]

The finger bones of bats are much more flexible than those of other mammals, owing to their flattened cross-section and to low levels of calcium near their tips. [45] [46] The elongation of bat digits, a key feature required for wing development, is due to the upregulation of bone morphogenetic proteins (Bmps). During embryonic development, the gene controlling Bmp signalling, Bmp2, is subjected to increased expression in bat forelimbs–resulting in the extension of the manual digits. This crucial genetic alteration helps create the specialized limbs required for powered flight. The relative proportion of extant bat forelimb digits compared with those of Eocene fossil bats have no significant differences, suggesting that bat wing morphology has been conserved for over fifty million years. [47] During flight, the bones undergo bending and shearing stress; the bending stresses felt are smaller than in terrestrial mammals, but the shearing stress is larger. The wing bones of bats have a slightly lower breaking stress point than those of birds. [48] K., Roman (2009). "Model predicts bat pinna ridges focus high frequencies to form narrow sensitivity beams". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 125 (5): 3454–3459. Bibcode: 2009ASAJ..125.3454K. doi: 10.1121/1.3097500. PMID 19425684. Bats are eaten in countries across Africa, Asia and the Pacific Rim. In some cases, such as in Guam, flying foxes have become endangered through being hunted for food. [253] There is evidence that suggests that wind turbines might create sufficient barotrauma (pressure damage) to kill bats. [254] Bats have typical mammalian lungs, which are thought to be more sensitive to sudden air pressure changes than the lungs of birds, making them more liable to fatal rupture. [255] [256] [257] [258] [259] Bats may be attracted to turbines, perhaps seeking roosts, increasing the death rate. [255] Acoustic deterrents may help to reduce bat mortality at wind farms. [260] Bats also possess a system of sphincter valves on the arterial side of the vascular network that runs along the edge of their wings. When fully open, these allow oxygenated blood to flow through the capillary network across the wing membrane; when contracted, they shunt flow directly to the veins, bypassing the wing capillaries. This allows bats to control how much heat is exchanged through the flight membrane, allowing them to release heat during flight. Many other mammals use the capillary network in oversized ears for the same purpose. [110] Torpor [ edit ] A tricoloured bat ( Perimyotis subflavus) in torpor Fenton, M. B.; Faure, P. A.; Ratcliffe, J. M. (2012). "Evolution of high duty cycle echolocation in bats". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 215 (17): 2935–2944. doi: 10.1242/jeb.073171. PMID 22875762. S2CID 405317.

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Voigt, C. C.; Lewanzik, D. (2011). "Trapped in the darkness of the night: thermal and energetic constraints of daylight flight in bats". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 278 (1716): 2311–2317. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2010.2290. PMC 3119008. PMID 21208959. Jürgens, Klaus Dieter; Bartels, Heinz; Bartels, Rut (1981). "Blood oxygen transport and organ weights of small bats and small non-flying mammals". Respiration Physiology. 45 (3): 243–260. doi: 10.1016/0034-5687(81)90009-8. PMID 7330485. McGuire, L. P.; Jonassen, K. A.; Guglielmo, C. G. (2014). "Bats on a Budget: Torpor-Assisted Migration Saves Time and Energy". PLOS ONE. 9 (12): e115724. Bibcode: 2014PLoSO...9k5724M. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115724. PMC 4281203. PMID 25551615.