Treasures of Arabic Morphology

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are 3 Arabic letters that carry the meaning to learn, study or educate. Any word, regardless if it is a thing, person, place or verb conjugation that are derived from the 3 root letters د ر س ( daal, raa, saa) will have a meaning connected with learning, study or education. For this discussion to be achieved following the intended goals and objectives, the data or information collected will be processed based on qualitative research methods with several data analysis techniques. In this case, the authors’ data from the existing literature will be processed deductively, inductively, and comparatively. Deductive data processing is analyzing general data to arrive at specific conclusions. With a method like this, researchers emphasize reasoning based on analogy. Meanwhile, inductive data processing is analyzing detailed data to obtain general formulas. Researchers also emphasize sense based on descriptions. Furthermore, comparative data processing compares one data to another to get data that is more accurate and has stronger arguments. In addition, researchers also emphasize analytical reasoning. Verbs, as the case in English morphology, have a base form and related variations depending on many factors. In Arabic morphology, there are certain variations that verbs create when under specific conditions. In Arabic, there are two situations that lead to this and both are related to the middle letter vowel if it was in the ideal conjugation or not. Cardinal numerals ( الأَعْداد الأَصْلِيّة al-a‘dād al-aṣlīyah) from 0–10. Zero is ṣifr, from which the words " cipher" and " zero" are ultimately derived. Affixes in Bugis as well as al-ziyaadah in Arabic also have various meanings. These meanings have been mentioned in the previous discussion. In this section, the writer will classify the affixes that have different shapes but have the same meaning. The meaning of affix which adds to the basic form in Bugis is more than the meaning of al-ziyaadah, which adds to the basic form in Arabic. The meanings of affixes in the Bugis language are divided into three groups, namely, as follows.

Ordinal numerals ( الأعداد الترتيبية al-a‘dād al-tartībīyah) higher than "second" are formed using the structure fā‘ilun, fā‘ilatun, the same as active participles of Form I verbs: Bakir, Murtadha. 1980. Aspects of clause structure in Arabic. Doctoral dissertation, Indiana University, Bloomington. Alexis Neme and Eric Laporte (2013) Pattern-and-root inflectional morphology: the Arabic broken plural |year=2013 The second-person masculine plural past tense verb ending -tum changes to the variant form -tumū before enclitic pronouns, e.g. كَتَبْتُمُوهُ katabtumūhu "you (masc. pl.) wrote it (masc.)".All languages in this world have characteristics and features that make them different from other languages. Arabic and Bugis are the two languages used in communicating with each other. Because these two languages are different, the people and countries that use them are also different. Arabic is a language that has its characteristics and several advantages over other languages. For example, Arabic has a strong structure, precise exposure, great beauty, and profound meaning. Word stress varies from one Arabic dialect to another. A rough rule for word-stress in Classical Arabic is that it falls on the penultimate syllable of a word if that syllable is closed, and otherwise on the antepenultimate. [12] The absolute object ( المفعول المطلق al-maf'ūl al-muṭlaq) is an emphatic cognate object construction in which a verbal noun derived from the main verb appears in the accusative ( منصوب manṣūb) case. [38] Arabic

The declined relative pronoun has vanished. In its place is an indeclinable particle, usually illi or similar.Contrastive analysis has steps that must be followed, such as (a) comparing the structure of the first (L1) and second (L2) languages, (b) predicting learning difficulties and learning errors, and (c) arranging teaching materials and preparing ways of delivering teaching materials .15 contrastive analysis emerged as a way to overcome the problems that existed in B2 teaching most effectively and efficiently. The effort to contrast the two language systems according to Parera should be made with the following steps: (1) description of the two languages being contrasted, (2) selection of the elements of similarities and differences between the two languages, (3) contrasting the differences in the systems of the two languages, and (4) predicting causes because learning difficulties are based on the results of contrasting [ 37]. Numerals 3–10 have a peculiar rule of agreement known as polarity: A feminine referrer agrees with a numeral in masculine gender and vice versa, e.g. thalāthu fatayātin ( ثَلَاثُ فَتَيَاتٍ) "three girls". The noun counted takes indefinite genitive plural (as the attribute in a genitive construct). As a regional language with many speakers in the South and Southeast Sulawesi regions, Buginese is the mother tongue in the Bugis community and the most effective communication method for speaking with its native speakers. Among the many speakers of the Bugis language, many of them have studied Arabic. In learning a language that is not their mother tongue, language learners will undoubtedly face some difficulties, especially in morphology [ 19– 21].

After analyzing the meanings, the writers got several meanings that are the same. However, when examined in depth, the similarities are not exactly the same, but the essence of both remains the same. The meaning denoting ‘doing work is called the root word. In Arabic, this meaning is formed al-ziyaadah, types of al-sawaabiq and almuzdawijah, al-lawaahiq, and al-hasyw. In other words, this meaning is adjusted to the type of verb added by the al-ziyaadah, whereas in the Bugis language, this meaning is only formed from the prefix type affix ( ma-). The meaning denotes’ the doer of the work which is mentioned a root. In Arabic this meaning is formed al-ziyaadah, type al-hasyw or almuzdawijah, whereas in the Bugis language, this meaning is only formed from the prefix type affix (pa-). The meaning that shows who likes often does work is called a root word. In Arabic, this meaning is formed al-ziyaadah, alhasyw or al-muzdawijah, while in Bugis, this meaning is only formed from the affix of the prefix type ( pa-) or the kind of confix ( pa-… -eng). Let’s first define Arabic morphology which is referred to as صرف /sarf/ or تصريف /tasreef/ (the verb version of it). In Arabic morphology, some internal changes of a word take place and this is due to many reasons. Whatever led to that, there is a certain pattern that is followed by the Arabic language. For example, the morphological process of voweling Arabic words. Sometimes it is simply the addition of other Arabic letters to the “original” word. With /sarf/, we can recognize not only denotative meanings but connotative ones as well. Numbers behave in a very complicated fashion. wāḥid- "one" and ithnān- "two" are adjectives, following the noun and agreeing with it. thalāthat- "three" through ‘asharat- "ten" require a following noun in the genitive plural, but disagree with the noun in gender, while taking the case required by the surrounding syntax. aḥada ‘asharah "eleven" through tis‘ata ‘asharah "nineteen" require a following noun in the accusative singular, agree with the noun in gender, and are invariable for case, except for ithnā ‘asharah/ithnay ‘ashara "twelve".From ‏ دُنْيَا‎ dunyā "world"; ‏ مُسْتَشْفًى‎ mustashfan "hospital" (nouns ending on ـَا ـَى ـًى‎).

Fassi Fehri, Abdelkader. 1993. Issues in the Structure of Arabic Clauses and Words. Dordrecht: Kluwer. a b c d e f Brustad, K. (2000). The Syntax of Spoken Arabic: A Comparative Study of Moroccan, Egyptian, Syrian and Kuwaiti Dialects. Georgetown University Press, Washington, D.C.

Irregularity Rules

This is lesson ninty of our free Arabic language course. This Arabic course with images and audios will help you learn Arabic. Wright, William. A Grammar of the Arabic Language. Vol.2 (3rded.). Librarie Du Liban. p.165. مع is, as the Arab grammarians remark, properly the accusative of a noun, signifying association, connexion. Arabic, for the most part, is a triliteral root language. Which means, the meaning and construction of Arabic words is based on 3 letters. By simply adding a few distinct letters and changing vowel marks, new words are formed. This is unique to Arabic and other Semitic languages, such as Hebrew and Aramaic. a b Monique Bernards, "Pioneers of Arabic Linguistic Studies." Taken from In the Shadow of Arabic: The Centrality of Language to Arabic Culture, pg. 213. Ed. Bilal Orfali. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 2011. ISBN 9789004215375 The subject of a sentence can be topicalized and emphasized by moving it to the beginning of the sentence and preceding it with the word إِنَّ inna 'indeed' (or 'verily' in older translations). An example would be إِنَّ ٱلسَّمَاءَ زَرْقَاءُ inna s-samā’a zarqā’(u) 'The sky is blue indeed'.