Tissues and Issues

Product Information

Affordable safe sports provision for local community by subsidising fees for those on low incomes. Provision of additional equipment for increased participation. Glia are the supporting cells of nervous tissue and significantly outnumber neurons. These cells differ by region of the nervous system. Astrocytes support neurons, especially near synapses, and provide a protective barrier surrounding blood vessels. Oligodendrocytes are found in the white matter of the central nervous system. Large projections from these cells wrap around the axon of a neuron insulating it to allow for faster projection of impulses. Cross, S. E., Jin, Y. S., Rao, J. & Gimzewski, J. K. Nanomechanical analysis of cells from cancer patients. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2, 780–783 (2007). Connective tissue is the most abundant tissue type in the body. In general, connective tissue consists of cells and an extracellular matrix. The extracellular matrix is made up of a ground substance and protein fibers. So, in a more detailed way, all connective tissue apart from blood and lymph consists of three main components: cells, ground substance and fibers. The apical surface of an epithelial cell is nearest to the lumen or free space. Apical cell surfaces may display specialized extensions. Microvilli are small processes projecting from the apical surface to increase surface area. They are heavily involved in diffusion in the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron and in the lumen of the small intestines.

Das, R. K., Gocheva, V., Hammink, R., Zouani, O. F. & Rowan, A. E. Stress-stiffening-mediated stem-cell commitment switch in soft responsive hydrogels. Nat. Mater. 15, 318–325 (2015). Medical News Today has strict sourcing guidelines and draws only from peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical journals and associations. We avoid using tertiary references. We link primary sources — including studies, scientific references, and statistics — within each article and also list them in the resources section at the bottom of our articles. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our editorial policy. Souron, R. et al. Sex differences in active tibialis anterior stiffness evaluated using supersonic shear imaging. J. Biomech. 49, 3534–3537 (2016).

Krag, S. & Andreassen, T. T. Mechanical properties of the human posterior lens capsule. Invest. Opthalmol. Vis. Sci. 44, 691 (2003). Benech, J. C. et al. Diabetes increases stiffness of live cardiomyocytes measured by atomic force microscopy nanoindentation. Am. J. Physiol. Physiol. 307, C910–C919 (2014). Usually, this will occur in one part of the body, such as the pancreas. Destruction of pancreatic beta cells means the body cannot produce insulin. This is how type 1 diabetes happens. Each B cell makes one specific antibody. For instance, one might make an antibody against the bacteria that cause pneumonia, and another might recognize the common cold virus.

Discher, D. E., Janmey, P. & Wang, Y. Tissue cells feel and respond to the stiffness of their substrate. Science 310, 1139–1143 (2005). A seminal work reporting for the first time that mechanics alone affect the behaviour of cells. Kim, S. H., Turnbull, J. & Guimond, S. Extracellular matrix and cell signalling: the dynamic cooperation of integrin, proteoglycan and growth factor receptor. J. Endocrinol. 209, 139–151 (2011). Weak and slow contractions; spindle shaped cells; single and central nucleus; nonstriated; found in involuntary muscles (viscera) Agache, P. G., Monneur, C., Leveque, J. L. & De Rigal, J. Mechanical properties and Young’s modulus of human skin in vivo. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 269, 221–232 (1980). Bahn, M. M. et al. Development and application of magnetic resonance elastography of the normal and pathological thyroid gland in vivo. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 30, 1151–1154 (2009).

Wisdom, K. M. et al. Matrix mechanical plasticity regulates cancer cell migration through confining microenvironments. Nat. Commun. 9, 4144 (2018). Wiesinger, H. P., Rieder, F., Kösters, A., Müller, E. & Seynnes, O. R. Are sport-specific profiles of tendon stiffness and cross-sectional area determined by structural or functional integrity? PLoS One 11, e0158441 (2016). Grigoryan, B. et al. Multivascular networks and functional intravascular topologies within biocompatible hydrogels. Science 364, 458–464 (2019). Connective tissue is the most abundant tissue type in the body. It consists of cells, that originate from mesenchyme, and an extracellular matrix. The extracellular matrix is made up of a ground substance and protein fibers. There are several important cell types and three main fibers: collagen, reticular and elastic. Classification of connective tissue into three broad types is based upon the composition of its cellular and extracellular components and its function in the body. Leong, K. W., Yim, E. K. F., Kulangara, K., Darling, E. M. & Guilak, F. Nanotopography-induced changes in focal adhesions, cytoskeletal organization, and mechanical properties of human mesenchymal stem cells. Biomaterials 31, 1299–1306 (2009).

Natural killer (NK) cells are also lymphocytes. NK cells recognize and destroy cells that contain a virus. Sotres, J., Jankovskaja, S., Wannerberger, K. & Arnebrant, T. Ex-vivo force spectroscopy of intestinal mucosa reveals the mechanical properties of mucus blankets. Sci. Rep. 7, 1–14 (2017). The ground substance of connective tissue contains structural proteins called fibers. There are three types of connective tissue fibers:Veiga, Z. S. T. et al. Transient elastography evaluation of hepatic and spleen stiffness in patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 29, 730–735 (2017). There are four basic tissue types defined by their morphology and function: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. Marturano, J. E. et al. Embryonically inspired scaffolds regulate tenogenically differentiating cells. J. Biomech. 49, 3281–3288 (2016). Ribeiro, V. P. et al. Enzymatically cross-linked silk fibroin-based hierarchical scaffolds for osteochondral regeneration. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11, 3781–3799 (2019). Mongera, A. et al. A fluid-to-solid jamming transition underlies vertebrate body axis elongation. Nature 561, 401–405 (2018).