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France's e-cigarette market was estimated by Groupe Xerfi to be €130 million in 2015. [393] Additionally, France's e-liquid market was estimated at €265 million. [393] In December 2015, there were 2,400 vape shops in France, 400 fewer than in March of the same year. [393] Industry organization Fivape said the reduction was due to consolidation, not to reduced demand. [393] Environmental impact Tobacco product waste a b Hedman, L; Galanti, MR; Ryk, L; Gilljam, H; Adermark, L (13 October 2021). "Electronic cigarette use and smoking cessation in cohort studies and randomized trials: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Tobacco Prevention and Cessation. European Network for Smoking and Tobacco Prevention. 7 (62): 62. doi: 10.18332/tpc/142320. PMC 8508281. PMID 34712864. Medical organizations differ in their views about the health implications of vaping. [232] There is general agreement that e-cigarettes expose users to fewer toxicants than tobacco cigarettes. [162] Some healthcare groups and policy makers have hesitated to recommend e-cigarettes for quitting smoking, because of limited evidence of effectiveness and safety. [162] Some have advocated bans on e-cigarette sales and others have suggested that e-cigarettes may be regulated as tobacco products but with less nicotine content or be regulated as a medicinal product. [160] The gateway hypothesis is the idea that using less harmful drugs can lead to more harmful ones. [59] Evidence shows that many users who begin by vaping will go on to also smoke traditional cigarettes. [60] [61] [62] [63] People with mental illnesses, who as a group are more susceptible to nicotine addiction, are at particularly high risk of dual use. [64] [65]
Many US and Chinese e-cigarette makers copied his designs illegally, so Hon has not received much financial reward for his invention (although some US manufacturers have compensated him through out-of-court settlements). [261] Ruyan later changed its company name to Dragonite International Limited. [266] As of 2014, most e-cigarettes used a battery-powered heating element rather than the earlier ultrasonic technology design. [27] One trial studied the medical effects that dual smoking had on a person's sleep. This trial was done to simulate a tobacco smoker using e-cigarettes to quit or reduce smoking. The results of this study showed that subjects who used e-cigarettes as well as ignitable tobacco had moderate to severe effects on their sleep. Patients reported irritability and trouble sleeping and restless sleep. The results indicated a positive correlation between increased dual smoking and sleeping troubles. [146] It is not clear whether e-cigarette use will decrease or increase overall nicotine addiction, [215] but the nicotine content in e-cigarettes is adequate to sustain nicotine dependence. [216] Chronic nicotine use causes a broad range of neuroplastic adaptations, making quitting hard to accomplish. [199] A 2015 study found that users vaping non-nicotine e-liquid exhibited signs of dependence. [217] Experienced users tend to take longer puffs which may result in higher nicotine intake. [99] It is difficult to assess the impact of nicotine dependence from e-cigarette use because of the wide range of e-cigarette products. [216] The addiction potential of e-cigarettes may have risen because as they have progressed, they have delivered nicotine better. [218]Gotts, Jeffrey E; Jordt, Sven-Eric; McConnell, Rob; Tarran, Robert (30 September 2019). "What are the respiratory effects of e-cigarettes?". BMJ. 366: l5275. doi: 10.1136/bmj.l5275. PMC 7850161. PMID 31570493. We reiterate that, to date, no long term vaping toxicological/safety studies have been done in humans; without these data, saying with certainty that e-cigarettes are safer than combustible cigarettes is impossible. Tomashefski, A (21 March 2016). "The perceived effects of electronic cigarettes on health by adult users: A state of the science systematic literature review". Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners. 28 (9): 510–515. doi: 10.1002/2327-6924.12358. PMID 26997487. S2CID 42900184.
a b c Weaver, Michael; Breland, Alison; Spindle, Tory; Eissenberg, Thomas (2014). "Electronic Cigarettes". Journal of Addiction Medicine. 8 (4): 234–240. doi: 10.1097/ADM.0000000000000043. ISSN 1932-0620. PMC 4123220. PMID 25089953. E-cigarette vapor potentially contains harmful chemicals not found in tobacco smoke. [90] The majority of toxic chemicals found in cigarette smoke are absent in e-cigarette vapor. [187] E-cigarette vapor contains lower concentrations of potentially toxic chemicals than with cigarette smoke. [188] Those which are present, are mostly below 1% of the corresponding levels permissible by workplace safety standards. [96] But workplace safety standards do not recognize exposure to certain vulnerable groups such as people with medical ailments, children, and infants who may be exposed to second-hand vapor. [83]
Regulations on E-Cigars in the UK
Dan Nosowitz (5 June 2015). "America's First Certified Organic E-Cigarette Vaping Liquid Is Here". Modern Farmer. They are marketed to men, women, and children as being safer than traditional cigarettes. [346] They are also marketed to non-smokers. [50] E-cigarette marketing is common. [230] There are growing concerns that e-cigarette advertising campaigns unjustifiably focus on young adults, adolescents, and women. [174] Large tobacco companies have greatly increased their marketing efforts. [126] This marketing trend may expand the use of e-cigarettes and contribute to re-glamorizing smoking. [347] Some companies may use e-cigarette advertising to advocate smoking, deliberately, or inadvertently, is an area of concern. [152] A 2014 review said, "the e-cigarette companies have been rapidly expanding using aggressive marketing messages similar to those used to promote cigarettes in the 1950s and 1960s." [83]
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