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Sea frogs for Olympus TG-6 195FT/60M Underwater Camera Waterproof Diving housing (Housing + Red Filter)

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The reproductive behavior of the normally solitary frogfish is still not fully researched. Few observations in aquaria and even fewer from the wild have been made. Most species are free-spawning, with females laying the eggs in the water and males coming in behind to fertilize them. From eight hours to several days before the egg-laying, the abdomen of the female starts to swell as up to 180,000 eggs absorb water. [7] The male begins to approach the female around two days before the spawning. Whether the spawn is predetermined by some external factor, such as the phase of the moon, or if the male is attracted to a smell or signal released by the female, is unknown. In all hitherto observed breeding pairs, one partner was noticeably larger than the other, sometimes as much as 10 times. When the gender could be determined, the larger partner was always the female. A car burns fuel slower at 30mph than at 60mph, but on a given journey the engine is running for twice as long. So which is cheaper?

Shah, Sunny; Tiwari, Rachna (2001-11-29). " Rhacophorus nigropalmatus". AmphibiaWeb. University of California, Berkeley . Retrieved 2012-06-11. Federle, W.; Barnes, W. J. P.; Baumgartner, W.; Drechsler, P.; Smith, J. M. (2006). "Wet but not slippery: boundary friction in tree frog adhesive toe pads". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 3 (10): 689–697. doi: 10.1098/rsif.2006.0135. PMC 1664653. PMID 16971337. Frogs have three-chambered hearts, a feature they share with lizards. Oxygenated blood from the lungs and de-oxygenated blood from the respiring tissues enter the heart through separate atria. When these chambers contract, the two blood streams pass into a common ventricle before being pumped via a spiral valve to the appropriate vessel, the aorta for oxygenated blood and pulmonary artery for deoxygenated blood. [70] Fitch, H. S. (1956). "An ecological study of the collared lizard ( Crotaphytus collaris)". University of Kansas Publications. 8: 213–274. a b Duellman, W. E.; Zug, G. R. "Anura: From tadpole to adult". Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2012-07-13.

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a b Howard, Ian P.; Rogers, Brian J. (1995). Binocular Vision and Stereopsis. Oxford University Press. p.651. ISBN 978-0195084764. Hilton, Bill Jr. (1986). Jug-o-Rum: Call of the Amorous Bullfrog. Vol.1. Hilton Pond Center for Piedmont Natural History. {{ cite book}}: |work= ignored ( help)

Slow-motion photography shows that the muscles have passive flexibility. They are first stretched while the frog is still in the crouched position, then they are contracted before being stretched again to launch the frog into the air. The fore legs are folded against the chest and the hind legs remain in the extended, streamlined position for the duration of the jump. [50] In some extremely capable jumpers, such as the Cuban tree frog ( Osteopilus septentrionalis) and the northern leopard frog ( Rana pipiens), the peak power exerted during a jump can exceed that which the muscle is theoretically capable of producing. When the muscles contract, the energy is first transferred into the stretched tendon which is wrapped around the ankle bone. Then the muscles stretch again at the same time as the tendon releases its energy like a catapult to produce a powerful acceleration beyond the limits of muscle-powered acceleration. [105] A similar mechanism has been documented in locusts and grasshoppers. [106] Many environmental scientists believe amphibians, including frogs, are good biological indicators of broader ecosystem health because of their intermediate positions in food chains, their permeable skins, and typically biphasic lives (aquatic larvae and terrestrial adults). [205] It appears that species with both aquatic eggs and larvae are most affected by the decline, while those with direct development are the most resistant. [206] Deformed mink frog with an extra left leg According to genetic studies, the families Hyloidea, Microhylidae, and the clade Natatanura (comprising about 88% of living frogs) diversified simultaneously some 66 million years ago, soon after the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event associated with the Chicxulub impactor. All origins of arboreality (e.g. in Hyloidea and Natatanura) follow from that time and the resurgence of forest that occurred afterwards. [38] [39] The call or croak of a frog is unique to its species. Frogs create this sound by passing air through the larynx in the throat. In most calling frogs, the sound is amplified by one or more vocal sacs, membranes of skin under the throat or on the corner of the mouth, that distend during the amplification of the call. Some frog calls are so loud that they can be heard up to a mile (1.6 km) away. [87] Additionally, some species have been found to use man-made structures such as drain pipes for artificial amplification of their call. [88] The coastal tailed frog ( Ascaphus truei) lives in mountain streams in North America and does not vocalize. [89]

Staniszewski, Marc (1998-09-30). "Madagascan Burrowing Frogs: Genus: Scaphiophryne (Boulenger, 1882)" . Retrieved 2012-06-16. Shubin, N. H.; Jenkins, F. A. Jr (1995). "An Early Jurassic jumping frog". Nature. 377 (6544): 49–52. Bibcode: 1995Natur.377...49S. doi: 10.1038/377049a0. S2CID 4308225. The red-legged running frog ( Kassina maculata) has short, slim hind limbs unsuited to jumping. It can move fast by using a running gait in which the two hind legs are used alternately. Slow-motion photography shows, unlike a horse that can trot or gallop, the frog's gait remained similar at slow, medium, and fast speeds. [111] This species can also climb trees and shrubs, and does so at night to catch insects. [112] The Indian skipper frog ( Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis) has broad feet and can run across the surface of the water for several metres (yards). [104] Swimming Common toad ( Bufo bufo) swimming Walton, M.; Anderson, B. D. (1988). "The aerobic cost of saltatory locomotion in the fowler's toad ( Bufo woodhousei fowleri)". Journal of Experimental Biology. 136 (1): 273–288. doi: 10.1242/jeb.136.1.273. PMID 3404074.

Frogs have no tail, except as larvae, and most have long hind legs, elongated ankle bones, webbed toes, no claws, large eyes, and a smooth or warty skin. They have short vertebral columns, with no more than 10 free vertebrae and fused tailbones (urostyle or coccyx). [46] Frogs range in size from Paedophryne amauensis of Papua New Guinea that is 7.7mm (0.30in) in snout–to– vent length [47] to the up to 32cm (13in) and 3.25kg (7.2lb) goliath frog ( Conraua goliath) of central Africa. [48] There are prehistoric, extinct species that reached even larger sizes. [49] Feet and legs Hudson, N. J.; Lehnert, S. A.; Ingham, A. B.; Symonds, B.; Franklin, C. E.; Harper, G. S. (2005). "Lessons from an estivating frog: sparing muscle protein despite starvation and disuse". AJP: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 290 (3): R836–R843. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00380.2005. PMID 16239372. S2CID 8395980. The origins of the word frog are uncertain and debated. [11] The word is first attested in Old English as frogga, but the usual Old English word for the frog was frosc (with variants such as frox and forsc), and it is agreed that the word frog is somehow related to this. Old English frosc remained in dialectal use in English as frosh and frosk into the nineteenth century, [12] and is paralleled widely in other Germanic languages, with examples in the modern languages including German Frosch, Norwegian frosk, Icelandic froskur, and Dutch (kik)vors. [11] These words allow reconstruction of a Common Germanic ancestor * froskaz. [13] The third edition of the Oxford English Dictionary finds that the etymology of * froskaz is uncertain, but agrees with arguments that it could plausibly derive from a Proto-Indo-European base along the lines of * preu, meaning 'jump'. [11]

6" Dry Dome Port for Meikon & SeaFrogs Mirrorless Housings V.4 40M / 130FT

At the other extreme, the striped burrowing frog ( Cyclorana alboguttata) regularly aestivates during the hot, dry season in Australia, surviving in a dormant state without access to food and water for nine or ten months of the year. It burrows underground and curls up inside a protective cocoon formed by its shed skin. Researchers at the University of Queensland have found that during aestivation, the metabolism of the frog is altered and the operational efficiency of the mitochondria is increased. This means that the limited amount of energy available to the comatose frog is used in a more efficient manner. This survival mechanism is only useful to animals that remain completely unconscious for an extended period of time and whose energy requirements are low because they are cold-blooded and have no need to generate heat. [98] Other research showed that, to provide these energy requirements, muscles atrophy, but hind limb muscles are preferentially unaffected. [99] Frogs have been found to have upper critical temperatures of around 41 degrees Celsius. [100] Locomotion

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