The Ocean Almanac: A Copious Compendium of the Sea (The World We Live in)

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At 0409 on 1 Oct., the Master arrived on the bridge. Unbelievably, he announced that he had “Slept like a baby.” Shortly afterwards, a succession of events on board the ‘El Faro’ took place that were to spell disaster.

Climatological, hydrographical, and oceanographic data as well as other appropriate meteorological information. Having celebrated its 90th anniversary last year, the 2023 Almanac continues the tradition of year on year improvement and meticulous presentation of all the data required for safe navigation. Now with an improved layout for easier reference and with over 45,000 annual changes, it is regarded as the bible of almanacs for anyone going to sea. Courses in this field are interdisciplinary in nature, combining theory and methods from disciplines such as Biology, Chemistry and Physics. They also combine practices from Oceanography. By way of clarification, MMIA believe that the aforesaid ‘information to be considered’ should include references to:

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Regional fisheries bodies: Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna, Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, International Council for the Exploration of the Seas, North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission, North Pacific Fisheries Commission, South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organization, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission NOTE: During the course of the inquiry conducted by the US Coast Guard, BVS officials admitted that some of the data contained on the BVS had been up to 10 hrs. late. Further, Hurricane Centre officials also admitted that some of the data that they transmitted contained errors.

Hong, et. al. Daily diving pattern of Korean and Japanese breath-hold divers (ama). Undersea Biomedical Research 1991;18:433-443. The Indian Ocean occupies 70,560,000 square km area on the Earth’s surface. The Eurasian landmass lies to the north of the Indian Ocean, Australia to the east, Africa to the west and the Southern Ocean and Antarctica to the south. 3,741 m is the average depth of the Indian Ocean, and its deepest point is Diamantina Deep. The depth in this region is 8,047 m. Navigation range beyond 400 n.mi. from shore (‘deep sea’) between 70ºN. lat. to 70ºS. lat., requires VHF + MF + INMARSAT satellite connection. The largest region of the Global Ocean, the Pacific Ocean has the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Southern Ocean to the south, Australia, and Asia to the west and the Americas to the east. Spanning an area of 168,723,000 square km, the Pacific Ocean accounts for one-third of the total surface area of the planet. The deepest point in the Pacific Ocean is the Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench (10,929 m) located in the western North Pacific.
Large parts of the Pacific remain unexplored due to its great depths. However, in the relatively shallow waters off the coast of Australia and New Zealand, petroleum and natural gas deposits have been discovered. Pearl extraction is also common in the Pacific's waters. A large variety of fish like tuna, salmon, swordfish, herring, snapper, etc., abound in parts of the Pacific. ocean trenches: Ocean trenches (see Figure 1) are the deepest parts of the ocean floor and are created by the process of subduction. Trenches form along convergent boundaries where tectonic plates are moving toward each other, and one plate sinks (is subducted) under another. The location where the sinking of a plate occurs is called a subduction zone. Subduction can occur when oceanic crust collides with and sinks under (subducts) continental crust resulting in volcanic, seismic, and mountain-building processes. Subduction can also occur in the convergence of two oceanic plates where one will sink under the other and in the process create a deep ocean trench. Subduction processes in oceanic-oceanic plate convergence also result in the formation of volcanoes. Over millions of years, the erupted lava and volcanic debris pile up on the ocean floor until a submarine volcano rises above sea level to form a volcanic island. Such volcanoes are typically strung out in chains called island arcs. As the name implies, volcanic island arcs, which closely parallel the trenches, are generally curved. The following are examples of ocean trenches found on the floor of the Pacific Ocean.Approved by the Flag States of almost 80% of ships trading internationally, AENPs provide the same level of compliance as traditional ADMIRALTY paper-based publications, for ships trading under these Flag States. Where we are aware that a Flag State Authority (FSA) has issued documentation on the acceptance of UKHO's digital nautical publications or provided guidance on their use, we have listed it in the table below.​ Members and their Masters are reminded that IMO Res. A.893 (21) Guidelines for Voyage Planning provides:

Planningthe intended voyage from berth to berth so as to avoid severe weather, inclusive of assessing alternative routes and identifying ports of refuge. This book would be a great reference for students looking for resources about ocean and sea life for projects or research papers. Very entertaining and interesting facts. But why did the ‘El Faro’s’ Master act in such an unprofessional and dangerous manner? Indications are that he was concerned about losing his job and that he wanted to impress owners with his ability to keep his ship to a tight trading schedule, despite the presence of hurricane weather. The disastrous result was the loss of his vessel and the death of his entire crew. By this time, the course had been altered to 116º in an effort to run directly away from the hurricane and put more distance between the ‘El Faro’ and the hurricane’s centre. This change of course created a large wind heel which, in turn, caused a serious problem with the main engine’s lubrication system. In addition, water was reported to be flooding into No. 3 hold due to an access scuttle which had evidently not been properly closed and ingress from a fire main broken by improperly secured cargo. McCullough, D., The Great Bridge. The Epic Story of the Building of the Brooklyn Bridge. Simon and Schuster, New York, 1972.

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urn:lcp:oceanalmanac00hend:epub:5645a357-e6b8-4cac-8ef5-fb741496fb15 Extramarc University of Michigan Foldoutcount 0 Identifier oceanalmanac00hend Identifier-ark ark:/13960/t3rv1dn79 Isbn 0385140770 The almanac is very informative, especially for younger students. Students at the elementary school are always looking for books about ocean life. This would make a great addition to the reference collection for students interested in researching for papers, projects, or other assignments. urn:oclc:831338548 Scandate 20110419192917 Scanner scribe1.shenzhen.archive.org Scanningcenter shenzhen Worldcat (source edition) Brylske, A., Brief History of Diving, Parts I and II. Dive Training Magazine. August & September 1994. Bachrach, Arthur J. (1988). A PICTORIAL HISTORY OF DIVING, Best Publishing Company, San Pedro, California, USA.

continental shelf: The continental shelf (see Figure 1), a rather flat area of the sea floor adjacent to the coast that gradually slopes down from the shore to water depths of about 200 m (660 ft). Dimensions can vary: they may be narrow or nearly nonexistent in some places or extend for hundreds of miles in others. The waters along the continental shelf are usually productive in both plant and animal life, both from sunlight and nutrients from ocean upwelling and terrestrial runoff. The following are examples of features found on the continental shelf of the Pacific Ocean. the Pacific Ocean fisheries are the most important in the world accounting for 58.1%, or 45,800,000 mt, of the global marine capture in 2020; of the six regions delineated by the Food and Agriculture Organization in the Pacific Ocean, the following are the most important: the probable cause of the sinking of El Faro and the subsequent loss of life was the captain’s insufficient action to avoid Hurricane Joaquin, his failure to use the most current weather information, and his late decision to muster the crew. Contributing to the sinking was ineffective bridge resource management on board El Faro, which included the captain’s failure to adequately consider officers’ suggestions. Also contributing to the sinking was the inadequacy of both TOTE’s [the shipowners] oversight and its safety management system.’ Conclusion and Takeaway Image Source: https://www.pressherald.com/2016/05/21/mariners-weigh-in-on-el-faro-weather-data/ Introduction

At 1831, the 2nd Mate sent a text enquiry to the Master: “What’s your plan?” The Master’s reply was to “steam our normal direct route” to San Juan and, according to his assessments of the forecasts, Joaquin would “remain North of us.” Hamner, WM., Australia's Box Jellyfish. A Killer Down Under. National Geographic 86:2, August, 1994; p. 116. Heinzelman, W., Chandrakasan, A., and Balakrishnan, H., “An Application-Specific Protocol Architecture for Wireless Microsensor Networks”, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 660-670, 2002.