Maternale

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Vaccination during pregnancy has been recommended in some countries as a means to protect young infants from severe infection. Parameter estimates were used to gauge the effect of vaccinating household members (cocooning) to prevent the infection in young infants.

This makes it important to disentangle the predictions and effects from each of these potential roles of fetal cells. Testing multiple loci will likely also improve the ability to detect extremely low levels of fetal cell microchimerism. Just as the placenta's physiology is designed to transfer resources from the maternal body to the offspring in the womb 3, 5, the physiology of fetal cells in maternal tissues may enhance resource transfer to the offspring after parturition through, for example enhancing lactation or heat transfer. Male DNA has been detected more frequently in disease tissues compared to healthy controls in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease 47.The possibility the fetal microchimerism may play a role in maternal mental health has elsewhere been suggested 78, though not within the evolutionary framework proposed here. The cooperation and conflict approach makes a number of predictions about the conditions under which fetal cells may have positive or negative effects on maternal health. In healthy women, male DNA was detected in the mammary glands of more than half of women sampled 53.

The National Library of Australia acknowledges Australia’s First Nations Peoples – the First Australians – as the Traditional Owners and Custodians of this land and gives respect to the Elders – past and present – and through them to all Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. If fetal cell manipulation of the maternal brain induces maternally suboptimal levels of resource transmission to offspring, maternal countermeasures such as immune targeting of fetal cells in the brain might also be expected, which could raise levels of inflammation in the brain. Maternale overlijdens door een rechtstreekse obstetrische oorzaak zijn overlijdens die het gevolg zijn van obstetrische verwikkelingen (zwangerschap, arbeid en nasleep van de bevalling), van medische handelingen, van het uitblijven van medische handelingen, van een ongepaste behandeling of van een aaneenschakeling van gebeurtenissen voortvloeiend uit een van de voornoemde factoren. Antibodies to diphtheria and some CRM-conjugated antigens were also lower, although most infants achieved protective thresholds; antibodies to tetanus and Hib were higher. Because adolescents and adults act as a primary source of pertussis infection for infants, vaccination of mothers immediately postpartum is a potential strategy to reduce transmission (cocoon strategy).We aimed to assess the vaccine effectiveness and the overall effect of the vaccine programme in preventing pertussis in infants. Here we review these contradictory findings and describe how the cooperation and conflict framework can help elucidate both the proximate and evolutionary function of fetal cells in maternal tissues (Table 1).