Tobar Rainbow Humming Top Traditional Spinning Toy

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Another evolutionary cause of this sexual bill dimorphism is that the selective forces from competition for nectar between the sexes of each species drives sexual dimorphism. [65] Depending on which sex holds territory in the species, the other sex having a longer bill and being able to feed on a wide variety of flowers is advantageous, decreasing intraspecific competition. [66] For example, in species of hummingbirds where males have longer bills, males do not hold a specific territory and have a lek mating system. [66] In species where males have shorter bills than females, males defend their resources, so females benefit from a longer bill to feed from a broader range of flowers. [66] Feather colors [ edit ] Male Anna's hummingbird showing iridescent crown and gorget feathers

Many hummingbird species exhibit a diverse vocal repertoire of chirps, squeaks, whistles and buzzes. [82] [83] Vocalizations vary in complexity and spectral content during social interactions, foraging, territorial defense, courtship, and mother-nestling communication. [82] Territorial vocal signals may be produced in rapid succession to discourage aggressive encounters, with the chirping rate and loudness increasing when intruders persist. [82] During the breeding season, male and female hummingbirds vocalize as part of courtship. [82] Jun'ichi Kanemaru ( Sonic) | Chikao Ōtsuka ( Eggman, Eggman Nega) | Ryō Hirohashi ( Tails) | Nao Takamori ( Blaze) | Shinya Fukumatsu ( Captain Whisker) | Kota Nemoto ( Johnny) Baldwin, M.W.; Toda, Y.; Nakagita, T.; O'Connell, M.J.; Klasing, K.C.; Misaka, T.; Edwards, S.V.; Liberles, S. D. (2014). "Evolution of sweet taste perception in hummingbirds by transformation of the ancestral umami receptor". Science. 345 (6199): 929–933. Bibcode: 2014Sci...345..929B. doi: 10.1126/science.1255097. PMC 4302410. PMID 25146290. Besides toys, tops have also historically been used for gambling and prophecy. Some role-playing games use tops to augment dice in generating randomized results; it is in this case referred to as a spinner.Hummingbirds are birds native to the Americas and comprise the biological family Trochilidae. With about 366 species and 113 genera, [1] they occur from Alaska to Tierra del Fuego, but most species are found in Central and South America. [2] About 28 hummingbird species are listed as endangered or critically endangered, with numerous species declining in population. [2] [3] Ridgely, R.S.; Greenfield, P.G. (2001). The Birds of Ecuador, Field Guide (1ed.). Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-8721-7. Maxwell took this a step further by using a circular scale around the rim with which to measure the ratios of the primaries, choosing vermilion, emerald, and ultramarine. [4] Spinning methods [ edit ] Finger twirling [ edit ] The enlargement of the brain region responsible for visual processing indicates an enhanced ability for perception and processing of fast-moving visual stimuli encountered during rapid forward flight, insect foraging, competitive interactions, and high-speed courtship. [77] [78] A study of broad-tailed hummingbirds indicated that hummingbirds have a fourth color-sensitive visual cone (humans have three) that detects ultraviolet light and enables discrimination of non-spectral colors, possibly having a role in flower identity, courtship displays, territorial defense, and predator evasion. [79] The fourth color cone would extend the range of visible colors for hummingbirds to perceive ultraviolet light and color combinations of feathers and gorgets, colorful plants, and other objects in their environment, enabling detection of as many as five non-spectral colors, including purple, ultraviolet-red, ultraviolet-green, ultraviolet-yellow, and ultraviolet-purple. [79] Fossil hummingbirds are known from the Pleistocene of Brazil and the Bahamas, but neither has yet been scientifically described, and fossils and subfossils of a few extant species are known. Until recently, older fossils had not been securely identifiable as those of hummingbirds.

Hummingbirds begin mating when they are a year old. [21] Sex occurs over 3-5 seconds when the male joins its cloaca with the female's, passing sperm to fertilize the female's eggs. [21] Tames, Richard; Williams, Brian (2003). Ancient Roman Children. Capstone Classroom. p.24. ISBN 978-1-4034-0518-0. Greenler, Robert. "Chasing the Rainbow - Recurrences in the life of a scientist". Elton-Wolf Publishing, 2000. The top spinners from Kota Baru, Malaysia. Sexual dimorphisms in bill size and shape are also present between male and female hummingbirds, [65] where in many clades, females have longer, more curved bills favored for accessing nectar from tall flowers. [66] For males and females of the same size, females tend to have larger bills. [65] Dozens of hummingbird species live year-round in tropical mountain habitats at high altitudes, such as in the Andes over ranges of 1,500 metres (4,900ft) to 5,200 metres (17,100ft) where the partial pressure of oxygen in the air is reduced, a condition of hypoxic challenge for the high metabolic demands of hummingbirds. [113] [114] [115] In Andean hummingbirds living at high elevations, researchers found that the oxygen-carrying protein in blood – hemoglobin – had increased oxygen- binding affinity, and that this adaptive effect likely resulted from evolutionary mutations within the hemoglobin molecule via specific amino acid changes due to natural selection. [113] [114] [116] Adaptation to winter [ edit ]Metal spinning humming top, which emits a humming noise as it turns, changing in volume and tone depending on the speed. A map of the hummingbird family tree – reconstructed from analysis of 284 species – shows rapid diversification from 22 million years ago. [42] Hummingbirds fall into nine main clades – the topazes, hermits, mangoes, brilliants, coquettes, the giant hummingbird, mountaingems, bees, and emeralds – defining their relationship to nectar-bearing flowering plants which attract hummingbirds into new geographic areas. [8] [43] [44]

Hummingbirds have varied specialized characteristics to enable rapid, maneuverable flight, exceptional metabolic capacity, adaptations to high altitude, sensitive visual and communication abilities, and long-distance migration in some species. Among all birds, male hummingbirds have the widest diversity of plumage color, particularly in blues, greens, and purples. [4] Hummingbirds are the smallest mature birds, measuring 7.5–13cm (3–5in) in length. The smallest is the 5cm (2.0in) bee hummingbird, which weighs less than 2.0g (0.07oz), and the largest is the 23cm (9.1in) giant hummingbird, weighing 18–24 grams (0.63–0.85oz). Noted for long beaks, hummingbirds are specialized for feeding on flower nectar, but all species also consume small insects. In the wild, hummingbirds visit flowers for food, extracting nectar, which is 55% sucrose, 24% glucose, and 21% fructose on a dry-matter basis. [205] Hummingbirds also take sugar-water from bird feeders, which allow people to observe and enjoy hummingbirds up close while providing the birds with a reliable source of energy, especially when flower blossoms are less abundant. A negative aspect of artificial feeders, however, is that the birds may seek less flower nectar for food, and so may reduce the amount of pollination their feeding naturally provides. [206]a b Crabtree, H. (1909). An Elementary Treatment of the Theory of Spinning Tops and Gyroscopic Motion. London: Longman, Green and C. ISBN 9781418179892.