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The Big Bang Theory: The Complete Series [DVD] [2007]

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Mattson, Barbara (Project Leader) (8 December 2017). "Hoyle Scoffs at 'Big Bang' Universe Theory". Cosmic Times (hosted by Imagine the Universe!). Greenbelt, Maryland: NASA: High Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center. OCLC 227004453. Archived from the original on 10 March 2018 . Retrieved 2 December 2019. While we can understand how the universe we see came to be, it's possible that the Big Bang was not the first inflationary period the universe experienced. Some scientists believe we live in a cosmos that goes through regular cycles of inflation and deflation, and that we just happen to be living in one of these phases.

The Big Bang Theory: The Complete Series [DVD] [2007] [2020]

We're very confident that the signal that we're seeing is real, and it's on the sky," lead researcher John Kovac, of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics told Space.com in March 2014. Future of an expanding universe– Future scenario if the expansion of the universe will continue forever or not As a description of the origin of the universe, the Big Bang has significant bearing on religion and philosophy. [159] [160] As a result, it has become one of the liveliest areas in the discourse between science and religion. [161] Some believe the Big Bang implies a creator, [162] [163] while others argue that Big Bang cosmology makes the notion of a creator superfluous. [160] [164] See alsoSo, a short answer to a slightly different question is that all of the observational evidence that we've gathered is consistent with the predictions of the Big Bang Theory. The three most important observations are: The maps give rise to new mysteries, however, such as why the Southern Hemisphere appears slightly redder (warmer) than the Northern Hemisphere. The Big Bang Theory says that the CMB would be mostly the same, no matter where you look. Cahn, Robert N.; etal. (2009). "Whitepaper: For a Comprehensive Space-Based Dark Energy Mission" (PDF). Astro2010: The Astronomy and Astrophysics Decadal Survey, Science White Papers, no. 35 (white paper). Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press on behalf of the National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences. 2010: 35. Bibcode: 2009astro2010S..35B. OCLC 850950122. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011 . Retrieved 8 December 2019. The simplest models, in which the Big Bang was caused by quantum fluctuations. That scenario had very little chance of happening, but, according to the totalitarian principle, even the most improbable event will eventually happen. It took place instantly, in our perspective, due to the absence of perceived time before the Big Bang. [144] [145] [146] [147] Measurements of the redshift– magnitude relation for type Ia supernovae indicate that the expansion of the universe has been accelerating since the universe was about half its present age. To explain this acceleration, general relativity requires that much of the energy in the universe consists of a component with large negative pressure, dubbed "dark energy". [9]

The Big Bang Theory: The Complete Series [Blu-ray] [2007

Eureka: A Prose Poem– Lengthy non-fiction work by American author Edgar Allan Poe, a Big Bang speculation Precise modern models of the Big Bang appeal to various exotic physical phenomena that have not been observed in terrestrial laboratory experiments or incorporated into the Standard Model of particle physics. Of these features, dark matter is currently the subject of most active laboratory investigations. [88] Remaining issues include the cuspy halo problem [89] and the dwarf galaxy problem [90] of cold dark matter. Dark energy is also an area of intense interest for scientists, but it is not clear whether direct detection of dark energy will be possible. [91] Inflation and baryogenesis remain more speculative features of current Big Bang models. Viable, quantitative explanations for such phenomena are still being sought. These are unsolved problems in physics.a b Unruh, W.G.; Semenoff, G.W., eds. (1988). The early universe. Reidel. ISBN 90-277-2619-1. OCLC 905464231. A related issue to the classic horizon problem arises because in most standard cosmological inflation models, inflation ceases well before electroweak symmetry breaking occurs, so inflation should not be able to prevent large-scale discontinuities in the electroweak vacuum since distant parts of the observable universe were causally separate when the electroweak epoch ended. [132] Magnetic monopoles The show took some liberties, as it was fictional. This included fabricating some new scientific concepts and fictionalizing the politics of Nobel prizes and academia, according to Fermilab physicist Don Lincoln.

The Big Bang Theory Season 1-12 Box Set The Big Bang Theory Season 1-12 Box Set

The Big Bang explains the evolution of the universe from a starting density and temperature that is well beyond humanity's capability to replicate, so extrapolations to the most extreme conditions and earliest times are necessarily more speculative. Lemaître called this initial state the " primeval atom" while Gamow called the material " ylem". How the initial state of the universe originated is still an open question, but the Big Bang model does constrain some of its characteristics. For example, specific laws of nature most likely came to existence in a random way, but as inflation models show, some combinations of these are far more probable. [140] A flat universe implies a balance between gravitational potential energy and other energy forms, requiring no additional energy to be created. [133] [134] On March 20, 2017, CBS announced that The Big Bang Theory had been renewed for two more seasons after season 10. [1] At the start of season 12, CBS announced that it would be the show's last season after Jim Parsons decided to not return. Slipher, Vesto M. (January 1915). "Spectrographic Observations of Nebulae". Popular Astronomy. 23: 21–24. Bibcode: 1915PA.....23...21S. In the mid-1990s, observations of certain globular clusters appeared to indicate that they were about 15billion years old, which conflicted with most then-current estimates of the age of the universe (and indeed with the age measured today). This issue was later resolved when new computer simulations, which included the effects of mass loss due to stellar winds, indicated a much younger age for globular clusters. [80]During the following decade, CMB anisotropies were further investigated by a large number of ground-based and balloon experiments. In 2000–2001, several experiments, most notably BOOMERanG, found the shape of the universe to be spatially almost flat by measuring the typical angular size (the size on the sky) of the anisotropies. [98] [99] [100]

Red-shift - BBC The expanding Universe - AQA Red-shift - BBC

a b c Spergel, David N.; Bean, Rachel; Doré, Olivier; etal. (June 2007). "Three-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Implications for Cosmology". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 170 (2): 377–408. arXiv: astro-ph/0603449. Bibcode: 2007ApJS..170..377S. doi: 10.1086/513700. S2CID 1386346.

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Over a long period of time, the slightly denser regions of the uniformly distributed matter gravitationally attracted nearby matter and thus grew even denser, forming gas clouds, stars, galaxies, and the other astronomical structures observable today. [1] The details of this process depend on the amount and type of matter in the universe. The four possible types of matter are known as cold dark matter (CDM), warm dark matter, hot dark matter, and baryonic matter. The best measurements available, from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), show that the data is well-fit by a Lambda-CDM model in which dark matter is assumed to be cold. (Warm dark matter is ruled out by early reionization.) [37] This CDM is estimated to make up about 23% of the matter/energy of the universe, while baryonic matter makes up about 4.6%. [38] Using Big Bang models, it is possible to calculate the expected concentration of the isotopes helium-4 ( 4He), helium-3 ( 3He), deuterium ( 2H), and lithium-7 ( 7Li) in the universe as ratios to the amount of ordinary hydrogen. [34] The relative abundances depend on a single parameter, the ratio of photons to baryons. This value can be calculated independently from the detailed structure of CMB fluctuations. The ratios predicted (by mass, not by abundance) are about 0.25 for 4He:H, about 10 −3 for 2H:H, about 10 −4 for 3He:H, and about 10 −9 for 7Li:H. [34] The prediction that the CMB temperature was higher in the past has been experimentally supported by observations of very low temperature absorption lines in gas clouds at high redshift. [115] This prediction also implies that the amplitude of the Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect in clusters of galaxies does not depend directly on redshift. Observations have found this to be roughly true, but this effect depends on cluster properties that do change with cosmic time, making precise measurements difficult. [116] [117] Future observations Notably, several characters in the series take trips. One episode sees main characters Leonard, Sheldon, Raj and Howard set out on a research expedition to the Arctic — many physics experiments are best performed at or near the extreme environments of the poles. Another put aerospace engineer Howard on a Russian Soyuz spacecraft and, later, a model of the International Space Station along with real-life astronaut Mike Massimino. Additional resources Moskowitz, Clara (25 September 2012). "Hubble Telescope Reveals Farthest View Into Universe Ever". Space.com. New York: Future plc. Archived from the original on 12 October 2019 . Retrieved 3 December 2019.

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