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Other studies have highlighted the existence of a negative greenhouse effect over the Antarctic continent: the instantaneous outgoing longwave radiation at the top-of-atmosphere increases, rather than decreases, with higher levels of atmospheric CO 2 50, 51, 52. That negative greenhouse effect, which only occurs in some months of the year, owes its existence to the tropospheric temperature inversion over the extremely cold Antarctic surface, and is enhanced by the relative absence of tropospheric water vapor in that region 53. While that negative greenhouse effect has indeed been observed from satellites (as documented by 53), it dissipates rapidly following abrupt CO 2-quadrupling in fully coupled GCMs due to fast stratospheric adjustments 54, and does not result in a cooling of the Antarctic surface. Furthermore, Flanner et al. 55 show that the net surface longwave radiative impact of greenhouse gases will always tend to heat the surface at high latitudes because of the local temperature inversion, regardless of whether the greenhouse effect is positive or negative at the top-of-atmosphere. In the present study, we do find that the net (downward) surface longwave flux with CO 2-doubling is greater when Antarctic orography is flattened. However, we are leery to attribute the surface-amplified warming with flat orography to this factor: analysis of surface radiative kernels indicates that anomalies in the downward longwave flux at the surface primarily arise as a consequence of surface temperature anomalies, rather being the cause of those anomalies 56. A thorough assessment of instantaneous radiative forcing, and of the accompanying rapid adjustments, is outside the scope of the present study, as we are here interested in the Antarctic surface climate response to CO 2-doubling at quasi-equilibrium, not in the details of the radiative forcing and adjustment immediately following the doubling of CO 2. Ogura, T. & Abe-Ouchi, A. Influence of the Antarctic ice sheet on southern high latitude climate during the Cenozoic: albedo vs topography effect. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28, 587–590 (2001). The USB cable included in the box is purely for charging purposes. Hooking the cable to a PC without the dongle does see the headset come up in Device Manager, but not for audio purposes. This is a wireless-only headset, pure and simple. Arctis 9 Wireless Performance Parish, T., Bromwich, D. & Tzeng, R.-Y. On the role of the Antarctic continent in forcing large-scale circulations in the high southern latitudes. J. Atmos. Sci. 51, 3566–3579 (1994). Smith, K. L., Chiodo, G., Previdi, M. & Polvani, L. M. No surface cooling over Antarctica from the negative greenhouse effect associated with instantaneous quadrupling of CO 2 concentrations. J. Clim. 31, 317–323 (2018).
Konyshev, Valery & Sergunin, Alexander: The Arctic at the Crossroads of Geopolitical Interests Russian Politics and Law, 2012, Vol.50, No.2, pp.34–54 Noone, D. The influence of midlatitude and tropical overturning circulation on the isotopic composition of atmospheric water vapor and Antarctic precipitation. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 113, D04102 (2008). Dansker vil dokumentere territorialkrav i Arktis" (in Norwegian). NRK. 28 July 2012. Archived from the original on 31 August 2012 . Retrieved 15 June 2015. Conference in Ilulissat, Greenland: Landmark political declaration on the future of the Arctic". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark. 28 May 2008 . Retrieved 30 April 2009. [ dead link] For the near-surface air temperature, we used three in-situ temperature records and one reanalysis dataset. For in-situ datasets, we used NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies Surface Temperature version 4 (GISTEMP) 64, the Berkeley Earth temperature dataset (BEST) 54, and the Met Office Hadley Centre/Climatic Research Unit version 5.0.1.0 (HadCRUT5) 55. In these datasets, near-surface air temperature is based on a combination of 2-m temperature observations over land and sea surface temperature (SST) observations over the ocean.
Hansen, Jim (19 October 2006). "The Planet in Peril – Part I". Yale Center for the Study of Globalization. Archived from the original on 15 October 2009. In addition to the three purely observational datasets, we used ERA5 reanalysis 66, which has been produced by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. We used monthly mean 2-m temperature fields in the native, 0.25 ∘ horizontal resolution. The first release of ERA5 covers the years from 1979 to the present, but a preliminary extension for 1950–1978 was recently released 43. We used the whole time series, from 1950 to 2021. All the observational temperature datasets used are listed in Table S 1.
Armour, K., Marshall, J., Scott, J., Donohoe, A. & Newsom, E. Southern Ocean warming delayed by circumpolar upwelling and equatorward transport. Nat. Geosci. 9, 549–554 (2016).Since it is clear that both greater Antarctic amplification and greater CO 2-forced warming over the Antarctic continent with flattened orography are most prominent in winter (JJA), for the remainder of this study we focus on this season, as we analyze the Antarctic continental warming and bring to light the mechanisms responsible for it. Flanner, M., Huang, X., Chen, X. & Krinner, G. Climate response to negative greenhouse gas radiative forcing in polar winter. Geophys. Res. Lett. 45, 1997–2004 (2018). The faster warming rate in the Arctic compared to the globe as a whole is nowadays considered a robust fact. The phenomenon, called Arctic or polar amplification (AA), can be seen in both instrumental observations 1, 2, 3 and climate models 4 as well as in paleoclimate proxy records 5. The Arctic ( / ˈ ɑːr t ɪ k/ or / ˈ ɑːr k t ɪ k/) [1] [Note 1] is a polar region located at the northernmost part of Earth. The Arctic consists of the Arctic Ocean, adjacent seas, and parts of Canada ( Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut), Danish Realm ( Greenland), northern Finland ( Northern Ostrobothnia, Kainuu and Lappi), Iceland, northern Norway ( Nordland, Troms, Finnmark, Svalbard and Jan Mayen), Russia ( Murmansk, Siberia, Nenets Okrug, Novaya Zemlya), northernmost Sweden ( Västerbotten, Norrbotten and Lappland) and the United States ( Alaska). Land within the Arctic region has seasonally varying snow and ice cover, with predominantly treeless permafrost (permanently frozen underground ice) under the tundra. Arctic seas contain seasonal sea ice in many places. Taken together, these factors imply a greater (moist and dry) atmospheric energy transport toward the Antarctic continent when orography is flattened 22. In a warmer CO 2-forced world, such factors would be expected to further enhance energy transport toward the Antarctic continent, as a consequence of increased atmospheric sensible and latent heat content. These considerations suggest that the presence or absence of Antarctic orography may considerably affect the local Antarctic continental warming in response to increased CO 2.
Hurrell, J. et al. The Community Earth System Model: a framework for collaborative research. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 94, 1339–1360 (2013). The word Arctic comes from the Greek word ἀρκτικός ( arktikos), "near the Bear, northern" [4] and from the word ἄρκτος ( arktos), meaning bear. [5] The name refers either to the constellation Ursa Major, the "Great Bear", which is prominent in the northern portion of the celestial sphere, or to the constellation Ursa Minor, the "Little Bear", which contains the celestial north pole (currently very near Polaris, the current north Pole Star, or North Star). [6] Firmware updates are published through our SteelSeries Engine software. Our software will prompt you for any firmware updates if necessary.If you’re looking for a tether-free gaming headset, the SteelSeries Arctis 9 Wireless is a terrific option. The ski goggle design means it's easy to put on, the button placement is great and the retractable microphone is an option more manufacturers should look at. We present evidence that during 1979–2021 the Arctic has been warming nearly four times as fast as the entire globe. Thus, we caution that referring to Arctic warming as to being twice as fast as the global warming, as frequently stated in literature, is a clear underestimation of the situation during the last 43 years since the start of the satellite observations. At a regional scale, areas in the Eurasian sector of the Arctic Ocean have warmed even up to seven times as fast as the globe (Fig. 1c). As of 2012, the Kingdom of Denmark is claiming the continental shelf based on the Lomonosov Ridge between Greenland and over the North Pole to the northern limit of the Russian EEZ. [34] Mechoso, C. The atmospheric circulation around Antarctica: linear stablity and finite amplitude interactions with migrating cyclones. J. Atmos. Sci. 37, 2209–2233 (1980).
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