The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism 2e

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LANGUAGE Augustine 185 J. L. Austin 1427 Mikhail Bakhtin 1186 Jean Baudrillard 1729 Martin Heidegger 1118 Roman Jakobson 1254 Julia Kristeya 2165 Jacques Lacan 1278 Claude Levi-Strauss 141 5 Friedrich Nietzsche 870 Ferdinand de Saussure 956 THE INSTITUTIO~ALIZA.TION OF LITERARY STUDY· Barbara Christian 2255 Terry Eagleton 2240 Gerald Graff 2056 Hugh of St. Victor 201 Annette Kolodny 2143 Ngugi wii Thiong'o, Taban Lo Liyong; Henry Owuor-Anyumba John Crowe Ransom 1105 Edward W. Said 1986 INTERPRETATION THEORY Dante A1ighieri 246 Paula Gunn Allen 2106 Thomas Aquinas 240 Augustine 185 Stanley E. Fish 2067 Sigmund Freud 913 E. D. Hirsch Jr. 1682 Hugh of St. Victor 201 Fredric Jameson 1932 Steven Knapp and Walter Benn Michaels Macrobius 196 University of Oklahoma), R. Allen Shoaf (University of Florida), Brigid Slipka (Kenyon College), the late Michael Sprinker (State University of New York at Stony Brook), Peter Struck (Ohio State Uriiversity), Gregory Ulmer (University of Florida), Steven Ungar (University of Iowa), H. Aram Veeser (City College of New York), Alan R. Velie (University of Oklahoma), Jerry W. Ward Jr. (Tougaloo College), Robyn R. Warhol (University of Vermont), Michael Warner (Rutgers University), Joel Weinsheimer (University of Minnesota at Twin Cities), Kathleen Welch (University of Oklahoma), Saranya Wheat (Kenyon College), Robyn Wiegman (Duke University), Martha Woodmansee (Case Western Reserve University), and Duncan Wu (Oxford University). Several global readings of the Selected· Bibliography of Theory and Criticism were provided by David Gorman (Northern Illinois University) and Wallace Martin (University of Toledo). We are particularly in the.debt of Professor Martin, who graciously shared his own abundant bibliographic research on the history of theory and criticism. All of these colleagues have helped make this anthology possible, and with much gratitude we thank them for their valuable time and effort. We single out Richard Dienst, David Gorman, ·Martin Irvine, John Kirby, and Donald Marshall for substantiaFcoiltributions to this text. M.Keith Booker (University of Arkansas at Fayetteville) has written a highly useful instructor's manual, Teaching with "The Norton Anthology oj Theory and Criticism'!: A Guide for Instructors, which we strongly recommend to teachers. His contribution extended beyond the manual to text selections, headnotes, and bibliographical items. The general editor thanks the editors, who have beenpassionately engaged in every facet of this work. It has been a wonderful collaboration. The editors in turn would like to thank Vincent Leitch for his inspiration, guidance, and tireless work on this project from beginning to end. At W. W. Norton, our editor, Peter Simon, guided this anthology with great professional care. Our exceptional copyeditor, Alice Falk, made significant contributions throughout this project, and Marian Johnson and Isobel Evans, managing editor and assis~nt editor, respectively, kept the complex publishing process moving smoothly. We thank them all. . We appreciate our supportive home universities, especially the libraries at Harvard University, Kenyon College, the University of Missouri, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, the University of Oklahoma, and Wellesley College. Thanks are also due our research assistants. ·In this regard the editors would like to thank Jeremy Countryman, Mary DiLucia, Melissa Feuerstein, Bill Johnson Gonzalez, Tina Hall, Heidi Lynn Kyser-Genoist, Eric Leuschner, Lilian Porten', Marjut Ruti, Maggie Schmitt, and Mary Schwartz. The general editor would also like to acknowledge Christine Braunberger- and Mitchell R. Lewis: the former designed the template of our schools and movements bibliographies, while the latter played an active .role in every aspect of the .project over a period of three years. We would also like to extend a personal thanks to friends and families. MOSES MAIMONIDES (1135-1204) 211 The Guide of the Perplexed 214 [Introduction to the First Part] 214 GEOFFREY OF VINSAUF (ca. 1200) 226 Poetria Nova 229 I. General Remarks on PoetrylDivisions of the Pres~nt Tre~i:ise From II. Ordering the Material 230 From III. Amplification and Abbreviation 231 From IV. Ornaments of Style 236 THOMAS AQUINAS (1225-1274) Summa Theologica 243 From Question I 243

BARBARA HERRNSTEIN SMITH (b. 1932) 1910 Contingencies of Value 1913 Chapter 3. Contingencies of Value i913 FREDRIC JAMESON (b. 1934) 1932 .... The Political Unconscious: Narrative as a gOciaIIy Symbolic Act 1937 Preface 1 937 Fron-. Chapter 1. On Iriterpretation: Literature as a Socially Symbolic Act 1941 Postmodernism and Consumer Society 1960 GERALD VIZENOR (b. 1934) 1975 Manif~st Manners: Postindian Warriors of Survivance From Chapter 1. Postindian Warriors 1977 EDWARD W. SAID (1935-2003) Orienialism 1991 Introduction 1991 MONIQUE WITTIG (b. 1935) One Is Not Born a Woman Jeffrey J. Williams is Professor of English and of Literary and Cultural Studies at Carnegie Mellon University. He is the author of Theory and the Novel: Narrative Reflexivity in the English Tradition (Cambridge UP) and the editor of PC Wars: Politics and Theory in the Academy (Routledge), The Institution of Literature (SUNY Press), and Critics at Work: Interviews (NYU Press). He has also published journalism in venues such as The Village Voice, Dissent, and The Chronicle of Higher Education. Since 1992, he has been the editor of the literary and critical journal, the minnesota review. Leitch, Vincent B. 2010. The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism. New York: W.W. Norton and Company.

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CARL GUSTAV JUNG (l875-1961) 987 On the I:l.elation of Analytical Psychology to Poetry LEON TROTSKY (1879-1940) 1002 Literature and Revolution 1005 The F6rm~list School of Poetry and Marxism VIRGINIA-WOOLF (1882-1941) A Room of One's Own 1021 [ Sha~espeare's Sister] 1021 [Chloe Liked Olivia] 1023 [Androgny] 1025 GYORGY LUKACS (1885-1971) Realism in the Balance 1033 BARBARA SMITH (b. 1946) 2299 Toward a Black Feminist Criticism . 2302 BARBARA JOHNSON (h.; 1947) 2316·· ; ... From Melville's Fist: The Exe"utiOll dfBillyBudd GENDER AND SEXUALI'IY Simone de Beauvoir 1403 Susan Bordo 2360 Judith Butler 2485 Hel~ne Cixous 2035 Michel Foucault 1615 Sigmund Freud 913 Julia Kristeva 2165 Jacques Lacan 1278 Laura Mulvey 2179 Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick· 2432 MC'nique Wittig 2012 IDEOLOGY AND HEGEMONY Louis Althusser 1476 Houston A. Baker Jr. 2223 Pierre Bourdieu 1806 Antonio Gramsci 113 5 Stuart Hall 1895 Dick Hebdige 2445 Fredric Jameson 1932 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels Edmund Wilson 1240 ANNETTE KOLODNY (b. 1941) 2143 Dancing through the Minefield: Some Observations on the :Theory, ,. Practice, and Politics of a Feminist Literary Criticism 2146 JULIA KRISTEVA (b. ;1941) 2165 Revolution in Poetic Language 2169 From Part I. The Semiotic and the Symbolic LAURA MULVEY (b. 1941) 2179 Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema If you are looking for additional help, try the EasyBib citation generator. Popular Citation Styles

MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT (1759-1797) '582; A Vindication of the Rights of Woman ,586 From Chapter II. The Prevailing Opinion of a' S'~jcual Character Discussed 586 GERMAINE NECKER DE STAt;:L (1766-1817) 594 From Essay on Fictions ·597 On Literature Considered in Its Relationship to SoCial Institutions On Women Writers (2.4) 604 . . GAYATRI CHAKRAVORTY SPIVAK (b. 1942) A Critique of Postcolonial Reason 2197 From Chapter 3. History 2197 [Can the Subaltern Speak?] 2197

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William E. Cain is the Mary Jewett Gaiser Professor of English at Wellesley College. A scholar of American literature and American literary criticism, Professor Cain is the author of The Crisis in Criticism: Theory, Literature, and Reform in English Studies (Johns Hopkins UP), F. O. Matthiessen and the Politics of Criticism (U of Wisconsin Press), and Literary Criticism, 1900-1950: The Cambridge History of American Literature (Cambridge UP) as well as the editor or co-editor of several college textbooks, including An Introduction to Literature (Longman), American Literature (Penguin), The Little, Brown Reader (Longman), and Literature for Composition (Longman). Barbara E. Johnson PROFESSOR OF ENGUSH AND COMPARATIVE UTERATURE FREDRIC WERTHAM PROFESSOR OF lAW AND PSYCHIATRY IN SOClElY HARVARD UNIVERSllY

LONGINUS (first century C.E.) From On Sublimity 138 QUINT'ILIAN (ca. 30/35-ca. 100) Institutio Oratoria" 157 Book 8 157 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THEORY CRITICISM I. Theory and Criticism Bibliographies 2525 II. Anthologies of Theory and Criticism 2525 III. Histories of Criticism and Theory 2528 IV. Glossaries, Encyclopedias, amJ-Handbooks 2532 V. Introductions and Guides 2532 VI. Modern and Contemporary Critical Schools and Mo~ements Permissions Acknowledgments Author/Title Index 2561 Subject index 2565THE POSTMODERN Jean Baudrillard 1729 Barbara Christian 2255 Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari Donna Haraway 2266 bell hooks 2475 Fredric Jameson 1932 Jean-Fran~ois Lyotard 1609 Gerald Vizenor 1975 REPRESENTATION AND REALISM Aristotle 86 Pierre Corneille 363 The "Uncanny" 929 Fetishism 952 FERDINAND DE SAUSSURE (1857-1913) 956 Course in General Linguistics 960 Introduction 960 Chapter III. The Object of Linguistics 960 Part One. General Principles 963 Chapter I. Nature of the Linguistic Sign 963 Part Two. Synchronic Linguistics 966 Chapter IV. Linguistic Value 966 Chapter V. Syntagmatic and Associative Relations W. E. B. DU BOIS {I 868-1963) Criteria of Negro Art 980 LENNARD J. DAVIS (b. 1949) 2398 Enforcing Normalcy: Disability, Deafness, and the Body 2400 _ .. From Visualizing the Disabled Body: The Classical Nude and the Fragmented Torso 2400 HENRY LOUIS GATES JR. (b. 1950) 2421 Talking Black: Critical Signs of the Times 2424 EVE KOSOFSKY SEDGWICK (b. 1950) 2432 Between Men: English Literature and Male HomosociaI Desire From Introduction 2434 Epistemology of the Closet 2438 From Introduction: Axiomatic 2438 DICK HEBDIGE (b. 1951) 2445 Subculture: The Meaning of Style 2448 Chapter I. From Culture to Hegemony