Female Masculinity

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Carli, Linda L. (2001). "Assertiveness". In Worell, Judith (ed.). Encyclopedia of women and gender: sex similarities and differences and the impact of society on gender, Volume 1. San Diego, California: Academic Press. pp. 157–168. ISBN 9780122272462. Gardiner, Judith Kegan (December 2009). "Female masculinities: a review essay". Men and Masculinities. 11 (5): 622–633. doi: 10.1177/1097184X08328448. S2CID 147357074. Review of: Pascoe, C.J. (2011). Dude, you're a fag: masculinity and sexuality in high school. California: University of California Press. ISBN 9781283291927. and: Harris, Adrienne (2004). Gender as Soft Assembly. Hoboken: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780203837849. Vandello, Joseph A.; Bosson, Jennifer K.; Cohen, Dov; Burnaford, Rochelle M.; Weaver, Jonathan R. (December 2008). "Precarious manhood". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 95 (6): 1325–1339. doi: 10.1037/a0012453. PMID 19025286. S2CID 6800516. Robinson, L. (21 October 2005). "Not just boys being boys: Brutal hazings are a product of a culture of masculinity defined by violence, aggression and domination". Ottawa Citizen. Ottawa, Ontario. Gay men are considered by some [ who?] to be "effeminate and deviate from the masculine norm" and are sometimes benevolently stereotyped as "gentle and refined", even by other gay men. According to gay human-rights campaigner Peter Tatchell:

At the beginning of the 20th century, most families in the western world consisted of a father working outside the home as breadwinner and a mother as working homemaker in the home, often working together to raise children and/or taking care of elderly family members. [ citation needed] The roles were often divided quite sharply between providing resources (considered masculine) and maintenance and redistribution of resources (considered feminine). [ citation needed] Despite women's increasing participation in the paid labor force and contributions to family income, men's identities remained centered on their working lives and specifically their economic contributions. [ clarification needed] In 1963, social theorist Erving Goffman's seminal work on stigma management presented a list of traits prescribed as categorically masculine for American men: Ferrante, Joan (January 2010). Sociology: A Global Perspective (7thed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. pp.269–272. ISBN 978-0-8400-3204-1. According to Tosh, the culture of masculinity has outlived its usefulness because it cannot fulfill the initial aim of this history (to discover how manhood was conditioned and experienced) and he urged "questions of behaviour and agency". [108] His work on Victorian masculinity uses individual experience in letters and sketches to illustrate broader cultural and social customs, such as birthing or Christmas traditions. [103] The International Men and Gender Equality Survey (IMAGES) has also been developed and the results from countries in the Global South studied more in recent years. [ when?] Although the survey indicated areas for further improvement, a significant recent finding comes in regard to men's childhood upbringing and their attitudes surrounding gender equality. If men were raised seeing more equal division of household labor tasks, older female relatives working in non-traditional occupations, less violence toward females, etc., those behaviors and attitudes had a tendency to carry over into their adult lives, according to the survey. [158]Stephenson, June (1995). Men are not cost-effective: male crime in America. New York: HarperPerennial. ISBN 9780060950989. Kimmel, Michael (2012) [1996]. Manhood in America: A Cultural History (3rded.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199781553.

Some believe that masculinity is linked to the male body; in this view, masculinity is associated with male genitalia. [18] :3 Others have suggested that although masculinity may be influenced by biology, it is also a cultural construct. [18] :3 Many aspects of masculinity assumed to be natural are linguistically and culturally driven. [50] Reeser argues that although the military has a vested interest in constructing and promoting a specific form of masculinity, it does not create it. [18] :17–21 Facial hair is linked to masculinity through language, in stories about boys becoming men when they begin to shave. [18] :30–31 Keith, Thomas (2017). Masculinities in contemporary American culture: an intersectional approach to the complexities and challenges of male identity. New York: Routledge. pp.4–5. ISBN 9781317595342. a b c d e f Silberschmidt, Margrethe (1 April 2001). "Disempowerment of Men in Rural and Urban East Africa: Implications for Male Identity and Sexual Behavior". World Development. 29 (4): 657–671. doi: 10.1016/S0305-750X(00)00122-4. ISSN 0305-750X.Transformation is inevitable, but don't look for the evidence of change in the everyday; look around, look on the peripheries, the margins, and there you will see its impact. Martin, Brett A.S.; Gnoth, Juergen (December 2009). "Is the Marlboro man the only alternative? The role of gender identity and self-construal salience in evaluations of male models". Marketing Letters. 20 (4): 353–367. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.477.5034. doi: 10.1007/s11002-009-9069-2. S2CID 143193100. Pdf. Schwartz, Jonathan P.; Tylka, Tracy L. (April 2008). "Exploring entitlement as a moderator and mediator of the relationship between masculine gender role conflict and men's body esteem". Psychology of Men & Masculinity. 9 (2): 67–81. doi: 10.1037/1524-9220.9.2.67. S2CID 9430583. Pdf.

Martial, Agnès (28 May 2013). "Richter, Linda & Morell, Robert (eds.). — Baba. Men and Fatherhood in South Africa". Cahiers d'études africaines. 53 (209–210): 488–492. doi: 10.4000/etudesafricaines.14485. ISSN 0008-0055. In a Queer Time and Place: Transgender Bodies, Subcultural Lives, published in 2005, looks at queer subculture, and proposes a conception of time and space independent of the influence of normative heterosexual/familial lifestyle. ETNEWS新聞雲". 鍵盤大檸檬 (in Chinese (Taiwan)) . Retrieved 16 July 2017. {{ cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link) Goode, Erica (25 June 2000). "Thinner: the male battle with anorexia". The New York Times . Retrieved 12 May 2010. George, Annie (July 2006). "Reinventing honorable masculinity: discourses from a working-class Indian community". Men and Masculinities. 9 (1): 35–52. doi: 10.1177/1097184X04270379. S2CID 143440592.Stearns, Peter N. (1990). Be a man!: males in modern society. New York: Holmes & Meier. ISBN 9780841912816. Adams, James Eli (1995), " Introduction", in Adams, James Eli, ed. (1995). Dandies and desert saints: styles of Victorian masculinity. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. p. 1. ISBN 9780801482083. See also: Jones, Darianna (9 July 2014). "An open letter to gay guys who look down on 'Fem Guys' ". The Good Men Project . Retrieved 6 March 2015. In the documentary The Butch Factor, gay men (one of them transgender) were asked about their views of masculinity. Masculine traits were generally seen as an advantage in and out of the closet, allowing "butch" gay men to conceal their sexual orientation longer while engaged in masculine activities such as sports. Some did not see themselves as effeminate, and felt little connection to gay culture. [62] Some effeminate gay men in The Butch Factor felt uncomfortable about their femininity (despite being comfortable with their sexuality), [63] and feminine gay men may be derided by stereotypically-masculine gays. [64] Manliness" and "Masculine" redirect here. For the book by Harvey Mansfield, see Manliness (book). For other uses, see Masculine (disambiguation).

Halberstam, Judith (1998), " Lesbian masculinity: even stone butches get the blues", in Halberstam, Judith, ed. (1998). Female masculinity. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. p. 119. ISBN 9780822322436. a b c d e Wharton, Amy S. (2005). The Sociology of Gender: An Introduction to Theory and Research. John Wiley & Sons. pp.29–31. ISBN 978-1-40-514343-1. In his book Germania (98 AD), Tacitus stated that the men from the ancient Germanic tribes fought aggressively in battle to protect their women from capture by the enemy. [22] [23] [24] Halberstam, Judith. Skin Shows: Gothic Horror and the Technology of Monsters. Durham: Duke University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-8223-1651-X& 0822316633 Lawson, Robert (2013). "The construction of 'tough' masculinity: Negotiation, alignment and rejection". Gender and Language. 7 (3): 369–395. doi: 10.1558/genl.v7i3.369.Courtenay, Will H. (May 2000). "Constructions of masculinity and their influence on men's well-being: a theory of gender and health" (PDF). Social Science & Medicine. 50 (10): 1385–1401. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.462.4452. doi: 10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00390-1. PMID 10741575. S2CID 15630379. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 February 2018 . Retrieved 13 March 2017. In Gaga Feminism, Halberstam uses Lady Gaga as a symbol for a new kind of feminism during a time in which gender and sex seem to be in crisis. The ways in which Lady Gaga and all the subsequent craziness that comes with her resonates in popular culture suggest an evolving form of gender and sexuality. Halberstam also uses the word “gaga”, which comes from a French word for slightly off, to establish this as feminism of the phony, unreal, and speculative. Because of this, gaga feminism does not seek to prescribe a particular version of the future, but presents options. It seeks to undo the category as a whole, rather than neatly round it out. Halberstam uses contemporary pop culture examples, such as SpongeBob SquarePants, Bridesmaids, and Dory from Finding Nemo to explore what he calls the tenets of Gaga Feminism. a b c d e Lippa, Richard A. (2005). Gender, Nature, and Nurture (2nded.). Routledge. pp.153–154, 218–225. ISBN 9781135604257. Rule 3: "If any one bring an accusation of any crime before the elders, and does not prove what he has charged, he shall, if it be a capital offense charged, be put to death."