Core Products Shelf board in natural size: 80 cm x 25 cm

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Since the 1964 2260 Model 3, 80 characters was the standard for mainframes and the goal for everything else.

In fact, DEC's VT series does neatly show the struggle for 80 characters and might be used as an example of non printing terminals toward the 80/132 character per line goal: The 80 character came from IBM's extended punch card design of ~1930. The 'original' Hollerith card of 1890 had already evolved from 24 columns (characters) to 45 while keeping the basic structure. Still customers continued to ask for ever more storage capacity (*5). So one of the engineers Mr. Watson assigned the task came up with the idea of rectangular holes instead of the round one used up until then. Rectangular holes allowed (almost) doubling the density (*6) form 45 to 80 symbols while keeping the size of the card constant. This happened to be an important decision, as it only required modification on parts of the existing designs, while most of the production chain from paper manufacturing over card storage up to the mechanical parts of processing could be kept the same. Just punch thorn size and timing had to be modified (*7). Also around 1930 Remington doubled the capacity by keeping the round Hollerith holes, but storing two characters per column (90 characters per card). There were other formats as well. At the end of the 1940s (partly due the war) IBM's 80 column card was the industry wide accepted standard. That's why Tectronix introduced storage tube based terminals. First the 600 series devices which later evolved into the 4000 terminal series and further into the well known 4010 family. No dedicated memory needed for screen refresh - but also no real way to do things like scrolling. Prior to the 1981 release of the IBM PC, the VT05 (72x20 1971), VT52 (80x12 1974), and VT100 (80x25 1978) text terminals were used on many Unix machines and the PDP-11 (probably the most widely used computer at the time). Rectangular hollow section generally available in 6.000 Metre lengths and commonly in Grades T304, T316 & Grade T430; All in a wide variety of finishes.

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While this was occurring, similar forces were acting on the printer market. The 132-column standard remained a significant force into the 1970s; IBM's printers starting with the 1403 all used this as their standard format, and when the first low-cost printers emerged, notably the Centronics 101, it used 132 columns. Call 01902 716333 for nationwide delivery of mild steel box section Mild Steel Box Section - Regtangular and Square This was the norm for the era, not the exception. There were a wide variety of sizes being used across the market and no one gave it a second thought. Drove the programmers nuts, but now we have termcap.

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Metal Supplies™ supply metal box section products across the UK and internationally. We are a leading provider of metal and metal services to both domestic and commercial customers, including a comprehensive range of stainless steel products. Proper fraction button is used to change a number of the form of 9/5 to the form of 1 4/5. A proper fraction is a fraction where the numerator (top number) is less than the denominator (bottom number).

Even IBM struggled with the 2260, the grand daddy of all screen based terminals introduced in 1964. The basic Model 1 displayed 6 rows of 40 characters, while the Model 2 could do 12 line of 40 characters. Only the high end Model 3 could display a whole punch card in a single line with 12 lines of 80 characters. That setup with 3 models was mainly due memory reasons. Less characters per screen means one controller could support more terminals with the same memory. In fact, The 2260 didn't even have screen memory at all. The display was only a CRT and keyboard. Screen memory and picture generation was all within the 2248 control unit - stored in acoustic memory - and transmitted to the CRT. Conclusion: 80/132 character come from the age of punch cards, 24/25 lines due the 4:3 dimensions of common CRTs Since an IBM Electric was used as genuine terminal for the very first DEC machine ( PDP-1), it could be argued that DEC's 80 column orientation is originated here :)) Multiples of 13: 13, 26, 39, 52, 65, 78, 91, 104, 117, 130, 143, 156, 169, 182, 195, 208, 221, 234, 247, 260Memory for holding the text in a glass terminal like the 3300 was generally constructed using shift registers. These tended to be small, so the memory for a "screen of text" required many chips. Using fewer chips was better than more, but there was no strong requirement to use a particular number of them unless you were going for the lowest possible cost. The request for ever more storage capacity (and processing power) by users seam to be a constant during all history of data handling. Multiples of 10: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200 But there was little demand for this width; 132 characters is useful because along with reasonable margins and standard fixed-width fonts, it's about the most characters you can fit on common paper size (e.g. A4 landscape or A3 portrait with 0.4" margins and a 12CPI font, or 8"x11" with 0.5" margins and the same font), so was useful because (1) you could use it for word-processing and see an approximation of what you'd see on paper and (2) you could have a printer that would print the same thing you saw on screen. But there was no such threshold in the region of 91 characters.

You're maybe focusing a bit to much on the IBM PC and mini computers here. For one, there have been many terminal developments even before DEC started business, and even more when they did. And even more, common memory is defined by many parameters(*2). Perfect for use in the bathroom, our bespoke glass shelves are multi-functional, versatile, durable and low maintenance. Display an array of products, create a feature element in your room or simply use them for solid storage, you can’t go wrong with a timeless glass shelving application. Depending on the manufacturer there have been many different sizes even way past 200 columns. But 132 and 136 became somewhat a standard during the 1930/40s

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Multiples of 19: 19, 38, 57, 76, 95, 114, 133, 152, 171, 190, 209, 228, 247, 266, 285, 304, 323, 342, 361, 380 Display hardware needs to have a pixel counter that reacts when a limit is reached. It is easier to detect that limit if the binary pattern of it consists of a small number of digits that need to be matched followed by a larger number of zeros. 640 is a good candidate that is close to 675: you only need to examine 3 bits to produce a counter that counts up to it. There were other reasons, too. As described in another comment, IBM's standard punched card format allowed 80 columns, and therefore even before switching to CRT-based terminals many computing activities were already optimized around data that would fit into 80 columns. Existing databases that were being transitioned to video display may well have had 80 column maximum lengths on fields, for example, and therefore product buyers purchasing terminals will have wanted to ensure they could display those fields. Programmers were used to programming with 80 column maximum per line. Many early manufacturers did first ship with terminals with less then 80 characters and 24 lines. Sometimes even in large numbers. In fact, while the Selectric is usually seen as an office typewriter to handle standard letters, one major design goal was the capability of printing 80 characters, so it could also replace other data entry and print systems for IBM Mainframes. Mainly ofc, everything based around the IBM Electric typewriter, used for the same role since the 1930s - unlike Selectric also available in 132 character width. (*9)