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a b c d e f g Barnes, Robert D. (1982). Invertebrate Zoology. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp.596–604. ISBN 978-0-03-056747-6. Quesada-Hidalgo, Rosannette; Solano-Brenes, Diego; Requena, Gustavo S.; Machado, Glauco (April 2019). "The good fathers: efficiency of male care and the protective role of foster parents in a Neotropical arachnid". Animal Behaviour. 150: 147–155. doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.02.007. S2CID 73728615. More recent phylogenomic analyses that have densely sampled both genomic datasets and morphology have supported horseshoe crabs as nested inside Arachnida, suggesting a complex history of terrestrialization. [51] [52] Morphological analyses including fossils tend to recover the Tetrapulmonata, including the extinct group the Haptopoda, [53] [54] [55] [56] [57] but recover other ordinal relationships with low support. Spiders eat spiders. Females sometimes eat their mates, even while they are mating. Some spiders specialize in hunting down other species of spider and have evolved ways to grab them, even when their victims are in the center of their strongholds—their webs. ( Related: 18 Spider-Killing Spiders Discovered—And They Look Like Pelicans) a b Machado, Glauco; Pinto-da-Rocha, Ricardo & Giribet, Gonzalo (2007). Pinto-da-Rocha, Ricardo; Machado, Glauco & Giribet, Gonzalo (eds.). Harvestmen: the Biology of Opiliones. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02343-7.

Almost all extant arachnids are terrestrial, living mainly on land. However, some inhabit freshwater environments and, with the exception of the pelagic zone, marine environments as well. They comprise over 110,000 named species, of which 51,000 are species of spiders. [3] [4] Morphology [ edit ] Basic characteristics of arachnids include four pairs of legs (1) and a body divided into two tagmata: the cephalothorax (2) and the abdomen (3) Uropygi (also called Thelyphonida) – whip scorpions or vinegaroons, forelegs modified into sensory appendages and a long tail on abdomen tip (120 species) Zeh, J. A.; Bonilla, M. M.; Adrian, A. J.; Mesfin, S.; Zeh, D. W. (2012). "From father to son: Transgenerational effect of tetracycline on sperm viability". Scientific Reports. 2: 375. Bibcode: 2012NatSR...2E.375Z. doi: 10.1038/srep00375. PMC 3337657. PMID 22540028.The use of silk and silk-related compounds is widespread in the group, particularly in the spiders. It is used in mating, nesting, hiding, hunting, trapping and even ballooning (q.v.). Giribet, Gonzalo; Edgecombe, Gregory D. & Wheeler, Ward C. (2001). "Arthropod phylogeny based on eight molecular loci and morphology". Nature. 413 (6852): 157–161. Bibcode: 2001Natur.413..157G. doi: 10.1038/35093097. PMID 11557979. S2CID 4431635. The spider world has its own Goliath—the Goliath birdeater tarantula (Theraphosa leblondi). Found in the coastal rain forests of northeastern South America, this spider can be as big as a dinner plate and has been known to snatch birds from their nests. The spider world's David? The smallest spider is a mygalomorph spider from Borneo. Its body is the size of a pinhead. ( Related: 10 Beautiful Photos That Will Make You Love Spiders) Breathing is through the use of tracheae (breathing tubes like those found in insects) lung-books or, as in spiders, both.

Delgado-Prudencio, G.; Cid-Uribe, J. I.; Morales, J. A.; Possani, L. D.; Ortiz, E.; Romero-Gutiérrez, T. (2022). "The Enzymatic Core of Scorpion Venoms". Toxins. 14 (4): 248. doi: 10.3390/toxins14040248. PMC 9030722. PMID 35448857.a b Agnarsson, Ingi (2023). "Grand challenges in research on arachnid diversity, conservation, and biogeography". Frontiers in Arachnid Science. 2. doi: 10.3389/frchs.2023.1101141.