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A History of Language

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The "mother tongues" hypothesis was proposed in 2004 as a possible solution to this problem. [48] W. Tecumseh Fitch suggested that the Darwinian principle of " kin selection" [49]—the convergence of genetic interests between relatives—might be part of the answer. Fitch suggests that languages were originally "mother tongues". If language evolved initially for communication between mothers and their own biological offspring, extending later to include adult relatives as well, the interests of speakers and listeners would have tended to coincide. Fitch argues that shared genetic interests would have led to sufficient trust and cooperation for intrinsically unreliable signals—words—to become accepted as trustworthy and so begin evolving for the first time. [50] Not all linguists agree with the above arguments, however. In particular, supporters of Noam Chomsky argue against the possibility that the mirror neuron system can play any role in the hierarchical recursive structures essential to syntax. [112] Putting-down-the-baby theory [ edit ] Scott, S. K. (1 December 2000). "Identification of a pathway for intelligible speech in the left temporal lobe". Brain. 123 (12): 2400–2406. doi: 10.1093/brain/123.12.2400. ISSN 1460-2156. PMC 5630088. PMID 11099443. Two possible scenarios have been proposed for the development of language, [92] one of which supports the gestural theory:

of Language: When Did It Start and How Did It Evolve? Origin of Language: When Did It Start and How Did It Evolve?

a b Arbib MA; Liebal, K; Pika, S (December 2008). "Primate vocalization, gesture, and the evolution of human language". Current Anthropology. 49 (6): 1053–63, discussion 1063–76. doi: 10.1086/593015. PMID 19391445. S2CID 18832100. Grammaticalisation theorists picture early language as simple, perhaps consisting only of nouns. [137] p.111 Even under that extreme theoretical assumption, however, it is difficult to imagine what would realistically have prevented people from using, say, "spear" as if it were a verb ("Spear that pig!"). People might have used their nouns as verbs or their verbs as nouns as occasion demanded. In short, while a noun-only language might seem theoretically possible, grammaticalisation theory indicates that it cannot have remained fixed in that state for any length of time. [135] [139] The exact way language evolved is however not considered as vital to the study of languages. Structural linguist Ferdinand de Saussure abandoned evolutionary linguistics after having come to the firm conclusion that it would not be able to provide any further revolutionary insight after the completion of the major works in historical linguistics by the end of the 19th century. Saussure was particularly sceptical of the attempts of August Schleicher and other Darwinian linguists to access prehistorical languages through series of reconstructions of proto-languages. [72]

The search for the origin of language has a long history in mythology. Most mythologies do not credit humans with the invention of language but speak of a divine language predating human language. Mystical languages used to communicate with animals or spirits, such as the language of the birds, are also common, and were of particular interest during the Renaissance. Advocates of this school of thought point out that words are cheap. Should an especially clever nonhuman ape, or even a group of articulate nonhuman apes, try to use words in the wild, they would carry no conviction. The primate vocalizations that do carry conviction—those they actually use—are unlike words, in that they are emotionally expressive, intrinsically meaningful, and reliable because they are relatively costly and hard to fake. Shah, Mustafa (January 2011). "Classical Islamic Discourse on the Origins of Language: Cultural Memory and the Defense of Orthodoxy" (PDF). Numen. 58 (2–3): 314–343. doi: 10.1163/156852711X562335. S2CID 55165312– via CORE.

How Did Language Begin? | Linguistic Society of America

Ding-dong. Müller suggested what he called the ding-dong theory, which states that all things have a vibrating natural resonance, echoed somehow by man in his earliest words. The theory's name is derived from the two auditory streams, which are both found in the brains of humans and other primates. The auditory ventral stream is responsible for sound recognition, and so it is referred to as the auditory what stream. [117] [118] [119] In primates, the auditory dorsal stream is responsible for sound localization, and thus it is called the auditory where stream. Only in humans (in the left hemisphere), is it also responsible for other processes associated with language use and acquisition, such as speech repetition and production, integration of phonemes with their lip movements, perception and production of intonations, phonological long-term memory (long-term memory storage of the sounds of words), and phonological working memory (the temporary storage of the sounds of words). [120] [121] [122] [123] [124] [125] [126] [127] Some evidence also indicates a role in recognising others by their voices. [128] [129] The emergence of each of these functions in the auditory dorsal stream represents an intermediate stage in the evolution of language. The gestural theory states that human language developed from gestures that were used for simple communication. Deacon, Terrence William (1997). The symbolic species: the co-evolution of language and the brain. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-03838-5. OCLC 807018262. Larsson, M (2014). "Self-generated sounds of locomotion and ventilation and the evolution of human rhythmic abilities". Animal Cognition. 17 (1): 1–14. doi: 10.1007/s10071-013-0678-z. PMC 3889703. PMID 23990063.a b Henshilwood, Christopher Stuart; Dubreuil, Benoît (2009). Rudolf P Botha; Chris Knight (eds.). Reading the Artefacts: Gleaning Language Skills From the Middle Stone Age in Southern Africa. pp.41–61. ISBN 978-0-19-954586-5. OCLC 804498749. {{ cite book}}: |work= ignored ( help) Dediu, Dan; Levinson, Stephen C. (2013). "On the antiquity of language: the reinterpretation of Neandertal linguistic capacities and its consequences". Frontiers in Psychology. 4: 397. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00397. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 3701805. PMID 23847571. Christiansen, Morten H; Kirby, Simon (2003). Morten H. Christiansen; Simon Kirby (eds.). Language evolution: the hardest problem in science?. pp.77–93. ISBN 978-0-19-924484-3. OCLC 51235137. {{ cite book}}: |work= ignored ( help)

A Brief History Of Language - The Odyssey Online

Ozçalişkan S; Goldin-Meadow S (July 2005). "Gesture is at the cutting edge of early language development". Cognition. 96 (3): B101–13. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2005.01.001. PMID 15996556. S2CID 206863317. Jardri, Renaud; Houfflin-Debarge, Véronique; Delion, Pierre; Pruvo, Jean-Pierre; Thomas, Pierre; Pins, Delphine (April 2012). "Assessing fetal response to maternal speech using a noninvasive functional brain imaging technique". International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience. 30 (2): 159–161. doi: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2011.11.002. ISSN 0736-5748. PMID 22123457. S2CID 2603226. A genetic mutation that slowed down the prefrontal synthesis (PFS) critical period of at least two children that lived together. a b c Knight, Chris (2006). Angelo Cangelosi; Andrew D M Smith; Kenny Smith (eds.). Language co-evolved with the rule of law (PDF). pp.168–175. ISBN 978-981-256-656-0. OCLC 70797781. {{ cite book}}: |work= ignored ( help) Ultimately, there is some consensus within the field that a theory of mind is necessary for language use. Thus, the development of a full theory of mind in humans was a necessary precursor to full language use. [157] Number representation [ edit ]Smith, J.Maynard (1994). "Must reliable signals always be costly?". Animal Behaviour. 47 (5): 1115–1120. doi: 10.1006/anbe.1994.1149. ISSN 0003-3472. S2CID 54274718. Primate gesture is at least partially genetic: different nonhuman apes will perform gestures characteristic of their species, even if they have never seen another ape perform that gesture. For example, gorillas beat their breasts. This shows that gestures are an intrinsic and important part of primate communication, which supports the idea that language evolved from gesture. [89] Buchsbaum, Bradley R.; D'Esposito, Mark (May 2008). "The Search for the Phonological Store: From Loop to Convolution". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 20 (5): 762–778. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2008.20501. ISSN 0898-929X. PMID 18201133. S2CID 17878480. de Saussure, Ferdinand (1959) [First published 1916]. Course in general linguistics (PDF). New York: Philosophy Library. ISBN 9780231157278. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2019 . Retrieved 6 May 2020. a b Arcadi, AC. (August 2000). "Vocal responsiveness in male wild chimpanzees: implications for the evolution of language". Journal of Human Evolution. 39 (2): 205–23. doi: 10.1006/jhev.2000.0415. PMID 10968929. S2CID 7403772.

History of Language (67 books) - Goodreads History of Language (67 books) - Goodreads

a b Falk, D. (August 2004). "Prelinguistic evolution in early hominins: whence motherese?" (PDF). Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 27 (4): 491–503, discussion 503–83. doi: 10.1017/s0140525x04000111. PMID 15773427. S2CID 39547572. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 January 2014 . Retrieved 4 January 2014. Pika, Simone; Mitani, John (2006). "Referential gestural communication in wild chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes)". Current Biology. 16 (6): R191–R192. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2006.02.037. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 16546066. S2CID 2273018. Chomsky, N. (2004). Language and Mind: Current thoughts on ancient problems. PartI & PartII. In Lyle Jenkins (ed.), Variation and Universals in Biolinguistics. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp.379–405. Critics of this theory point out that the very efficiency of "vocal grooming"—the fact that words are so cheap—would have undermined its capacity to signal commitment of the kind conveyed by time-consuming and costly manual grooming. [56] A further criticism is that the theory does nothing to explain the crucial transition from vocal grooming—the production of pleasing but meaningless sounds—to the cognitive complexities of syntactical speech.Zahavi, A. and A. Zahavi 1997. The Handicap Principle: A Missing Piece in Darwin's Puzzle. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190284589 Cheney, Dorothy L.; Seyfarth, Robert M. (2005). "Constraints and preadapta

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