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Gary Lutz; Diane Stevenson (2005). The Writer's Digest grammar desk reference. Writer's Digest Books. p.296. ISBN 978-1-58297-335-7. Joining several hyphens together helps create a divider line in the text to make things easier to read, as shown below. Example of some text. Alderdice, R. et al. Divergent expression of hypoxia response systems under deoxygenation in reef-forming corals aligns with bleaching susceptibility. Glob. Chang. Biol. 27, 312 (2021). In December, Hou came in second at the China Women Selective Tournament in Beijing for the 37th Chess Olympiad to be held in May–June 2006 in Turin, Italy. She scored 16½/28 (TPR 2433) and gained 121 elo-points. She made the Olympiad team with the other top finishers, Wang Yu and Shen Yang. [47] [48] 2006 [ edit ] Cziesielski, M. J., Schmidt-Roach, S. & Aranda, M. The past, present, and future of coral heat stress studies. Ecol. Evol. 9, 10055–10066 (2019).
Hume, B. C. C. et al. SymPortal: A novel analytical framework and platform for coral algal symbiont next-generation sequencing ITS2 profiling. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 19, 1063–1080 (2019). However, if an adverb can also function as an adjective, then a hyphen may be or should be used for clarity, depending on the style guide. [17] For example, the phrase more-important reasons ("reasons that are more important") is distinguished from more important reasons ("additional important reasons"), where more is an adjective. Similarly, more-beautiful scenery (with a mass-noun) is distinct from more beautiful scenery. (In contrast, the hyphen in "a more-important reason" is not necessary, because the syntax cannot be misinterpreted.) A few short and common words—such as well, ill, little, and much—attract special attention in this category. [25] The hyphen in "well-[past_participled] noun", such as in " well-differentiated cells", might reasonably be judged superfluous (the syntax is unlikely to be misinterpreted), yet plenty of style guides call for it. Because early has both adverbial and adjectival senses, its hyphenation can attract attention; some editors, due to comparison with advanced-stage disease and adult-onset disease, like the parallelism of early-stage disease and early-onset disease. Similarly, the hyphen in little-celebrated paintings clarifies that one is not speaking of little paintings. Hagen, T., Taylor, C. T., Lam, F. & Moncada, S. Redistribution of intracellular oxygen in hypoxia by nitric oxide: effect on HIF1α. Science (80-). 302, 1975–1978 (2003). Hyphens are occasionally used to denote syllabification, as in syl-la-bi-fi-ca-tion. Various British and North American dictionaries use an interpunct, sometimes called a "middle dot" or "hyphenation point", for this purpose, as in syl·la·bi·fi·ca·tion. This allows the hyphen to be reserved only for places where a hard hyphen is intended (for example, self-con·scious, un·self-con·scious, long-stand·ing). Similarly, hyphens may be used to indicate how a word is being or should be spelled. For example, W-O-R-D spells "word". Guillermic, M. et al. Thermal stress reduces pocilloporid coral resilience to ocean acidification by impairing control over calcifying fluid chemistry. Sci. Adv. 7, eaba9958 (2021).Chambers, Allied (2006). The Chambers Dictionary. Allied Publishers. p.xxxviii, §8. ISBN 978-8186062258 . Retrieved 28 November 2014.
Use a hyphen when writing a compound number. For example, "eighty-two" and "twenty-two" are both compound numbers that need a hyphen. The use of the hyphen in English compound nouns and verbs has, in general, been steadily declining. Compounds that might once have been hyphenated are increasingly left with spaces or are combined into one word. Reflecting this changing usage, in 2007, the sixth edition of the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary removed the hyphens from 16,000entries, such as fig-leaf (now fig leaf), pot-belly (now pot belly), and pigeon-hole (now pigeonhole). [10] The increasing prevalence of computer technology and the advent of the Internet have given rise to a subset of common nouns that might have been hyphenated in the past (e.g., toolbar, hyperlink, and pastebin). The word is derived from Ancient Greek ὑφ' ἕν ( huph' hén), contracted from ὑπό ἕν ( hypó hén), "in one" (literally "under one"). [3] [4] An (ἡ) ὑφέν ( (he) hyphén) was an undertie-like ‿ sign written below two adjacent letters to indicate that they belong to the same word when it was necessary to avoid ambiguity, before word spacing was practiced. An example of an ambiguous phrase appears in they stood near a group of alien lovers, which without a hyphen implies that they stood near a group of lovers who were aliens; they stood near a group of alien-lovers clarifies that they stood near a group of people who loved aliens, as "alien" can be either an adjective or a noun. On the other hand, in the phrase a hungry pizza-lover, the hyphen will often be omitted (a hungry pizza lover), as "pizza" cannot be an adjective and the phrase is therefore unambiguous.
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Gunner, Jennifer (22 February 2010). "When and How To Use a Hyphen ( - )". grammar.yourdictionary.com . Retrieved 15 April 2023. Many people confuse hyphens and dashes because they look similar in printing. Li, W. & Godzik, A. Cd-hit: A fast program for clustering and comparing large sets of protein or nucleotide sequences. Bioinformatics 22, 1658–1659 (2006). To explore for any consistencies or differences between normoxic and deoxygenated heat stress, we evaluated the expression profiles of 20,115 assembled transcripts using RNA-Seq. Principal component analysis revealed that samples were largely separated by the heat stress temperature, with PC1 explaining 74% of the variation (Fig. 1d). In addition, we found sub-clustering of samples at 30 °C and 33 °C versus 36 °C and 39 °C (Fig. 1 c, d). Further, samples at 39 °C under deoxygenated heat stress conditions were most distinct and separated from 39 °C heat stress samples suggesting that deoxygenation exerts a more pronounced effect under high heat stress. Lastly, greater dispersion of samples, i.e. a higher variance, was consistently demonstrated by heat and deoxygenation samples compared to heat only samples across all temperatures. Corals exhibit a similar response to heat stress with and without deoxygenation
Hume, B. et al. Corals from the Persian/Arabian Gulf as models for thermotolerant reef-builders: Prevalence of clade C3 Symbiodinium, host fluorescence and ex situ temperature tolerance. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 72, 313–322 (2013). It can also be used to indicate a range of values, although many styles prefer an en dash (see Dash §En dash §§Ranges of values). Anthony, K. R. N., Kline, D. I., Diaz-Pulido, G., Dove, S. & Hoegh-Guldberg, O. Ocean acidification causes bleaching and productivity loss in coral reef builders. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105, 17442–17446 (2008). E.g. "H". Bloomberg School Style Manual. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health . Retrieved 9 March 2019.Rules (or guidelines) for correct hyphenation vary between languages, and may be complex, and they can interact with other orthographic and typesetting practices. Hyphenation algorithms, when employed in concert [ clarification needed] with dictionaries, are sufficient for all but the most formal texts.
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