Italian Renaissance Courts: Art, Pleasure and Power (Renaissance Art)

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There’s a celebrated scene of Ludovico Gonzaga surrounded by his court. It’s almost a photograph with real life portraits and even the court dog, Rubino. Cast, David. "Review: Fra Girolamo Savonarola: Florentine Art and Renaissance Historiography by Ronald M. Steinberg". The Art Bulletin, Volume 61, No. 1, March 1979. pp. 134–136. Quarta crociata: conquista e saccheggio di Costantinopoli" (in Italian) . Retrieved 21 December 2021. H. Ashrafian, Henry VIII’s obesity following traumatic brain injury. Endocrine (2011). doi: 10.1007/s12020-011-9581-z

Some of the leading dancers of the time who performed throughout Europe were Louis Dupré, Charles Le Picque with Anna Binetti, Gaetano Vestris, and Jean-Georges Noverre. [33] 19th century [ edit ] Polish ballet performers at the 1827 Venice Carnival. The dancer on the left is performing "en travestie" as a woman taking the man's role. H.R. Wiedemann, Historical case of dwarfism: attempted diagnosis. Am. J. Med. Genet. 47, 805–806 (1993) Alexander Raunch "Painting of the High Renaissance and Mannerism in Rome and Central Italy" in The Italian Renaissance: Architecture, Sculpture, Painting, Drawing, Konemann, Cologne, 1995. Pg. 308; Wundrum Pg. 147 Misty Copeland dancing in “Coppélia,” 2014. (Photo: Naim Chidiac Abu Dhabi Festival via Gilda Squire and Wikimedia Commons [ CC BY-SA 4.0 ])Ballet as an expressive art form is rich, emotive, and beginning to diversify to reflect those who were once excluded. Dancers of color such as the principal dancer Misty Copeland have risen to the heights of historically predominantly white institutions such as the American Ballet Theater. Young choreographers are also emerging, bringing classical training and athleticism to modern dance. Ballet is growing, expanding, and evolving. There's even a form known as hiplet which fuses ballet and hip hop. With the young artists leading the way, the future of ballet is likely to be even brighter than its past. Florman, Samuel C. (2015-12-15). Engineering and the Liberal Arts: A Technologist's Guide to History, Literature, Philosophy, Art and Music. Macmillan. ISBN 9781466884991. [...] Let us look for a moment at Europe just after the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, almost two hundred years after the date that we choose to mark the transition from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance. [...] The religious war was over. The Reformation and the Counter-Reformation were things of the past. Truly we can say that the Renaissance had ended. [...]The nature of the Renaissance also changed in the late 15th century. The Renaissance ideal was fully adopted by the ruling classes and the aristocracy. In the early Renaissance artists were seen as craftsmen with little prestige or recognition. By the later Renaissance, the top figures wielded great influence and could charge great fees. A flourishing trade in Renaissance art developed. While in the early Renaissance many of the leading artists were of lower- or middle-class origins, increasingly they became aristocrats. [36] Wider population [ edit ] Development of capitalism, banking, merchantilism and accounting: beginning of the European Great Divergence Until the late 14th century, prior to the Medici, Florence's leading family were the House of Albizzi. In 1293 the Ordinances of Justice were enacted which effectively became the constitution of the republic of Florence throughout the Italian Renaissance. [27] The city's numerous luxurious palazzi were becoming surrounded by townhouses, built by the ever prospering merchant class. [28] In 1298, one of the leading banking families of Europe, the Bonsignoris, were bankrupted and so the city of Siena lost her status as the banking centre of Europe to Florence. [29] Portrait of Cosimo de' Medici by Jacopo Pontormo (ca. 1518-1520) Gasper, Giles E. M.; Gullbekk, Svein H. (2016-03-09). Money and the Church in Medieval Europe, 1000-1200: Practice, Morality and Thought (0ed.). Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9781315595993. ISBN 978-1-315-59599-3. Ruggiero, Guido. The Renaissance in Italy: A Social and Cultural History of the Rinascimento. Cambridge University Press, 2015 ( online review).

Aside from Christianity, classical antiquity, and scholarship, a fourth influence on Renaissance literature was politics. The political philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli's most famous works are Discourses on Livy, Florentine Histories and finally The Prince, which has become so well known in modern societies that the word Machiavellian has come to refer to the cunning and ruthless actions advocated by the book. [48] Along with many other Renaissance works, The Prince remains a relevant and influential work of literature today. Main articles: Italian Renaissance painting, Italian Renaissance sculpture, and Florentine painting Detail of The Last Judgment by Michelangelo, 1536–1541 Ferrara also boasts a stunning Romanesque cathedral, featuring a unique facade with three equally tall bays and a grand portal guarded by lions. Mathematics - Rome Reborn: The Vatican Library & Renaissance Culture | Exhibitions - Library of Congress". www.loc.gov. 1993-01-08 . Retrieved 2021-04-09. In sculpture, the Florentine artist Donato di Niccolò di Betto Bardi, or Donatello, was among the earliest sculptors to translate classical references into marble and bronze. [66] His second sculpture of David was the first free-standing bronze nude created in Europe since the Roman Empire. [67]Florence remained a republic until 1532 (see Duchy of Florence), traditionally marking the end of the High Renaissance in Florence, but the instruments of republican government were firmly under the control of the Medici and their allies, save during the intervals after 1494 and 1527. Cosimo and Lorenzo de' Medici rarely held official posts but were the unquestioned leaders. Cosimo was highly popular among the citizenry, mainly for bringing an era of stability and prosperity to the town. One of his most important accomplishments was negotiating the Peace of Lodi with Francesco Sforza ending the decades of war with Milan and bringing stability to much of Northern Italy. Cosimo was also an important patron of the arts, directly and indirectly, by the influential example he set. By the Late Middle Ages ( c. 1300 onward), Latium, the former heartland of the Roman Empire, and southern Italy were generally poorer than the North. Rome was a city of ancient ruins, and the Papal States were loosely administered, and vulnerable to external interference, particularly by France, and later Spain. The Papacy was affronted when the Avignon Papacy was created in southern France as a consequence of pressure from King Philip the Fair of France. [5] In the south, Sicily had for some time been under foreign domination, by the Arabs and then the Normans. Sicily had prospered for 150 years during the Emirate of Sicily and later for two centuries during the Norman Kingdom and the Hohenstaufen Kingdom, but had declined by the late Middle Ages. [6] The latter half of the 20th century brought a new style known as neoclassical ballet. A young Russian dancer who trained at the Imperial Ballet School in St. Petersburg, George Balanchine became one of the most important figures in modern ballet. The young, classically trained dancer fled Soviet Russia in 1924 and joined the Ballets Russes in Paris as their choreographer. In Paris in 1928, his work Apollo debuted, and is considered today to be the first neoclassical ballet. Its pared-down aesthetic and choreography driven by the music (rather than the story) was innovative.

Saccone, Eduardo, ‘ The Portrait of the Courtier in Castiglione Link opens in a new window’, Italica 64.1 (1987), 1-18

18th-Century Innovations

Ceriani Sebregondi, Giulia (2015-06-09). "On Architectural Practice and Arithmetic Abilities in Renaissance Italy". Architectural Histories. 3 (1). doi: 10.5334/ah.cn. ISSN 2050-5833. The literature and poetry of the Renaissance was largely influenced by the developing science and philosophy. The humanist Francesco Petrarch, a key figure in the renewed sense of scholarship, was also an accomplished poet, publishing several important works of poetry. He wrote poetry in Latin, notably the Punic War epic Africa, but is today remembered for his works in the Italian vernacular, especially the Canzoniere, a collection of love sonnets dedicated to his unrequited love Laura. He was the foremost writer of Petrarchan sonnets, and translations of his work into English by Thomas Wyatt established the sonnet form in that country, where it was employed by William Shakespeare and countless other poets. Rose, Paul Lawrence (1973). "Humanist Culture and Renaissance Mathematics: The Italian Libraries of the Quattrocento". Studies in the Renaissance. 20: 46–105. doi: 10.2307/2857013. ISSN 0081-8658. JSTOR 2857013.