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Rocks and Fossils: 1 (Naturetrail)

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looking at fossils of plants and animals may help children see that fossils are not 'bits of bones' but were once living creatures. References to fossils by Pliny the Elder". Archived from the original on 2 January 2019 . Retrieved 16 February 2019. Pufahl, P.K.; Grimm, K.A.; Abed, A.M. & Sadaqah, R.M.Y. (October 2003). "Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) phosphorites in Jordan: implications for the formation of a south Tethyan phosphorite giant". Sedimentary Geology. 161 (3–4): 175–205. Bibcode: 2003SedG..161..175P. doi: 10.1016/S0037-0738(03)00070-8. van der Geer, Alexandra; Dermitzakis, Michael (2010). "Fossils in pharmacy: from "snake eggs" to "Saint's bones"; an overview" (PDF). Hellenic Journal of Geosciences. 45: 323–332. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 June 2013.

Schweitzer MH, Zheng W, Cleland TP, Bern M (January 2013). "Molecular analyses of dinosaur osteocytes support the presence of endogenous molecules". Bone. 52 (1): 414–23. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2012.10.010. PMID 23085295. Mayor, Adrienne (24 October 2013). Fossil Legends of the First Americans. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-4931-4. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023 . Retrieved 18 October 2019– via Google Books. Replacement Fossils form when water dissolves the original hard matter and replaces bones with mineral matter. They look like bones but are not made from the same matter.Over time, minerals in the sediment seep into the remains. The remains become fossilized. Fossilization usually occur in organisms with hard, bony body parts, such as skeletons, teeth, or shells. Soft-bodied organisms, such as worms, are rarely fossilized. This is a special form of cast and mold formation. If the chemistry is right, the organism (or fragment of organism) can act as a nucleus for the precipitation of minerals such as siderite, resulting in a nodule forming around it. If this happens rapidly before significant decay to the organic tissue, very fine three-dimensional morphological detail can be preserved. Nodules from the Carboniferous Mazon Creek fossil beds of Illinois, US, are among the best documented examples of such mineralization. [18] Replacement and recrystallization Silicified (replaced with silica) fossils from the Road Canyon Formation (Middle Permian of Texas) Recrystallized scleractinian coral (aragonite to calcite) from the Jurassic of southern Israel Sheehan, P.M.; Harris, M.T. (2004). "Microbialite resurgence after the Late Ordovician extinction". Nature. 430 (6995): 75–78. Bibcode: 2004Natur.430...75S. doi: 10.1038/nature02654. PMID 15229600. S2CID 4423149. When Darwin wrote On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life, the oldest animal fossils were those from the Cambrian Period, now known to be about 540million years old. He worried about the absence of older fossils because of the implications on the validity of his theories, but he expressed hope that such fossils would be found, noting that: "only a small portion of the world is known with accuracy." Darwin also pondered the sudden appearance of many groups (i.e. phyla) in the oldest known Cambrian fossiliferous strata. [96] After Darwin

Benton, M.J.; Storrs, G.Wm. (1994). "Testing the quality of the fossil record: Paleontological knowledge is improving". Geology. 22 (2): 111–114. Bibcode: 1994Geo....22..111B. doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0111:TTQOTF>2.3.CO;2. McNamara, K.J. (20 December 1996). "Dating the Origin of Animals". Science. 274 (5295): 1993–1997. Bibcode: 1996Sci...274.1993M. doi: 10.1126/science.274.5295.1993f. Subfossils Collections". South Australian Museum. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021 . Retrieved 28 August 2020. a b Allwood, Abigail C.; Grotzinger, John P.; Knoll, Andrew H.; Burch, Ian W.; Anderson, Mark S.; Coleman, Max L.; Kanik, Isik (2009). "Controls on development and diversity of Early Archean stromatolites". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (24): 9548–9555. Bibcode: 2009PNAS..106.9548A. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0903323106. PMC 2700989. PMID 19515817. a b Lepot, Kevin; Benzerara, Karim; Brown, Gordon E.; Philippot, Pascal (2008). "Microbially influenced formation of 2.7 billion-year-old stromatolites". Nature Geoscience. 1 (2): 118–21. Bibcode: 2008NatGe...1..118L. doi: 10.1038/ngeo107.Definition of Steinkern". Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 13 May 2021 . Retrieved 13 May 2021. a fossil consisting of a stony mass that entered a hollow natural object (such as a bivalve shell) in the form of mud or sediment, was consolidated, and remained as a cast after dissolution of the mold Wade, Nicholas (21 August 2011). "Geological Team Lays Claim to Oldest Known Fossils". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 May 2013 . Retrieved 21 August 2011.

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