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If energy is the ability to do work then the displacement of a body undergoing work is due to force, defined as the “agency that tends to change the momentum of a massive body” ( Rennie, 2015) or less formally as a “push or a pull.” Forces act and react antagonistically in equally opposing pairs and are therefore, like energy, manifestations of difference. The discipline of physics finds it convenient to treat energy, forces and work as distinct quantities to be balanced in abstract mathematical equations. But in nature they are integral and actualized, acting collectively in time and space with causal efficacy. Data Availability: All Shaanxi energy consumption data, fixed asset investment data files are available from http://tjj.shaanxi.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/tjnj/, Average number of years of education for people over 15 in 2010 are available from http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/pcsj/rkpc/6rp/indexch.htm, average number of years of education for people over 15 in 2020 are available from http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/zxfb/202105/t20210510_1817176.html. Lian-de LI, Qing WANG, Hao LIU, Yang SONG. Calculation and Analysis of Diversity of Domestic Primary Energy Supply. Journal of Northeastern University(Natural Science). 2008;29(4):577–580. Another conversion pathway to valorize forest biomass is gasification. González and García (2015) converted wood biomass into bio-oil through the gasification process and subsequent liquefaction (Fischer-Tropsch). Natarajan et al. (2014) reported that the installation of five Fischer-Tropsch plants could contribute to achieving Finland’s various 2020 targets, i.e., using up to 58% of the available forest biomass for energy production, total emission reduction of 4%, and powering the transportation sector with 100% biofuel. Sunde et al. (2011) also estimated that converting forest biomass and woody wastes into liquid biofuel by the Fischer-Tropsch process as a replacement for fossil diesel could reduce the overall environmental impacts of the transportation sector in Norway. GHG savings and reductions in greenhouse impacts by production and use of Fischer-Tropsch biofuel from forest residues are estimated to amount to roughly 20–90% on a 100-year timescale ( Jäppinen et al., 2014). It should also be noted that in addition to reducing CO 2 emissions, biofuel production from forest biomass could also offer economic opportunities, including creating new jobs ( Natarajan et al., 2014). Information is variously and sometimes imprecisely defined in science ( Capurro and Hjørland, 2003), its meaning is still strongly contested ( Lombardi et al., 2016; Roederer, 2016), and many people regard it as being to some extent subjective, relativistic, or observer-dependent ( von Foerster, 2003; Deacon, 2010; Werner, 2011; Logan, 2012; Searle, 2013; de-Wit et al., 2016). The term is often used in science colloquially (meaning ‘what is conveyed by an arrangement of things’) or “intuitively” ( Erra et al., 2016). And where one might expect to find a clear definition, such as in a dictionary of physics, biology or chemistry, none appears ( Hine, 2015; Rennie, 2015, 2016).

In the manufacturing process of forest biomass pellets, the biomass needs to be dehydrated in advance ( Civitarese et al., 2018). A rotary dryer could be used to remove the moisture in poplar wood chips, with a moisture removal rate of about 17%. In comparison, the moisture removal rate for Robinia pseudoacacia sawdust stands at a higher rate of 31%. These differences are ascribed to the differences in the density of various types of forest biomass ( Prokkola et al., 2014; Del Giudice et al., 2019). Notably, if the rotary dryer cannot remove the moisture effectively, the pneumatic dryer would be a good choice, also increasing the drying rate by 22% ( Frodeson et al., 2013). I am grateful to the following for discussions and suggestions: Alistair Burleigh, Alan Dix, Chris Doran, Robert K. Logan, Heddwyn Loudon, Chen Song, Galen Strawson, Emmett Thompson, Sander Van der Cruys, and to the reviewers for their comments and criticism. Footnotes The concept of energy that we are familiar with today emerged only slowly from its beginnings in the late eighteenth century. It developed through the study of thermodynamics in the nineteenth century, and then found its place at the center of theories of relativity, quantum mechanics, and cosmology in the twentieth ( Coopersmith, 2010). In colloquial usage energy refers to ideas of vigor, vitality, power, activity, and zest. In scientific usage, however, energy is defined as the ability of a system to do work 6. Work is defined as the transfer of energy involved in moving an object over a distance by an external force, at least part of which is applied in the direction of the displacement ( Duncan, 2002). Scientists and engineers often refer to energy as an abstract property: “Energy is a mathematical abstraction that has no existence apart from its functional relationship to other variables” ( Abbott and Van Ness, 1972; Rose, 1986). It is a property that can be converted from one form to another, and in an isolated system the total quantity is conserved ( Smil, 2008). The mechanisms that enable performance of these tasks can be seen at work in organisms with relatively simple nervous systems, such as the C. elegans worm ( Sterling and Laughlin, 2017). Chemical gradients in the environment activate chemosensory neurons on the worm’s surface that connect via interneurons to motor neurons that control the action of dorsal and ventral muscles, which, in turn, control the worm’s movement ( de Bono and Maricq, 2005). In this way, differences of chemical potential energy in the environment are converted into differences of electro-chemical energy in the sensing apparatus of the organism and then into differences of chemical energy in the muscles, which, by antagonistic action, are converted into the kinetic energy of the organism’s movement. The organism makes discriminations in the environment relevant to its interests so that it can take appropriate actions in response.Among them, l t represents the number of employees at the end of the year, yr t represents the average years of education of the population over the age of 15, the number of employees is from the Shaanxi Statistical Yearbook, and the average number of years of education of the population over the age of 15 in 2010 and 2020 comes from the Sixth and Seventh National Census data, the average years of education of the population over the age of 15 in 2000 is estimated using the years of education method, and different years are set according to different levels of education, 0 years for illiteracy, 3 years for literacy classes, 6 years for primary schools, 9 years of junior high school, 12 years of high school and technical secondary school, 16 years of junior college, undergraduate and postgraduate. It is estimated that the average number of years of education of people over the age of 15 in Shaanxi was 8.04 years in 2000.

Yuan Baolong, Ren Shenggang, Chen Xiaohong. The effects of urbanization, consumption ratio and consumption structure on residential indirect CO2 emissions in China: A regional comparative analysis. Applied Energy. 2015;140:94–106. Energy may be called the fundamental cause for all change in the world” ( Heisenberg, 1958 ). The neurobiologist Gerald Edelman neatly defined causal efficacy as “The action in the physical world of forces or energies that lead to effects or physical outcomes” ( Edelman, 2004 ). Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia Is it reasonable then to propose that consciousness is caused by the way energetic activity is dynamically and recursively organized in the brain? It is no less reasonable than attributing the causes of other biological phenomena, such as the behavior of the nematode worm, to the way energetic activity is organized. If consciousness is a physical (biological and chemical) process, and if physical processes are caused by energetic activity (alongside forces and work), then consciousness, in principle, could be caused by energetic activity and the way it is organized. Naturalizing Consciousness Assimakopoulos V., Domenikos H.G. Consumption preferences structure of Greek households. Energy Economics. 1991;13(3):163–167.It can be seen that the fitting result of the linear regression model is ideal. The overall significance test of the model shows that F is 114.139, P is 0.000, and the coefficient of determination is 0.927, indicating that the overall fitting degree of the model is very good. Both the Shaanxi H index and the estimated coefficient of coal proportion have passed the significance test at the 1% significance level, and the null hypothesis that the coefficient is 0 at the 10% significance level can be rejected, indicating that the Shaanxi H index and the estimated coefficient of coal proportion are significant. Based on above result, the model and the estimated coefficients of the two independent variables have passed the significance test.

In discussions of the nature and behavior of forces at the microscopic level we often find references to the way they ‘feel’ ( Feynman, 1963 ), or the way they ‘experience’ each other in fields ( Rennie, 2015 ). It would be interesting to investigate what motivates the use of such terms in this context. Das Aparna, Paul Saikat Kumar. Changes in energy requirements of the residential sector in India between 1993–94 and 2006–07. Energy Policy. 2013;53:27–40. The official certification gives the market a clear picture of which solutions leverage the direct routing and calling capabilities of Microsoft Teams to the fullest extent,” said Gijs Geurts, founder and CEO of Anywhere365. “I am proud to be working closely with Microsoft on this milestone achievement and honoured that Anywhere365 is the first global solution to be so rigorously tested and vetted by Microsoft.” The most widely cited technical definition of information is that given by Shannon (1948) as part of his mathematical theory of communication. For Shannon, information does not refer to meaning or semantics, as it does colloquially. The information is the amount of uncertainty in a message (a sequence of data) measured through probabilistic analysis of its elements. Information theory has developed into an exceptionally powerful mathematical tool that can be used, among many other things, to measure the complexity of physical systems. But a quantity of Shannon information is a measure of what can be known about a system as distinct from the system itself. The information lies with the measurer rather than the measured 13. If consciousness is a natural physical process then it should be explicable in terms of energy, forces and work. Energy is a physical property of nature that is causally efficacious and, like forces and work, can be conceived as actualized differences of motion and tension.Logan (2012) , in work undertaken with Stuart Kauffman and others, defines ‘biotic information’ as the organization of the exchange of energy and matter between organism and environment – a further example of information theory being used to quantify the biological organization of energy flows. Had he a fuller understanding of the nature of energy Bateson might not have been so dismissive about its role in mental processes. In Mind and Nature ( Bateson, 1979 ) he referred only to kinetic energy (which he defined as “MV 2”), thus ignoring potential energy, and was by his own admission “not up to date in modern physics.” In fact, slightly modifying Bateson’s much-cited phrase to an actualized difference that makes a difference yields a description of the essence of energetic action that is, the way energy, forces and work act antagonistically to effect change and cause further actions. v)The energy consumption structure diversity in Shaanxi is positively correlated with carbon emissions. Shaanxi H index is positively correlated with Shaanxi carbon emissions, and for every 1% increase in Shaanxi H index, Shaanxi carbon emissions increase by 7.175%, indicating that with the improvement of the diversity index of energy consumption structure in Shaanxi, carbon emissions will gradually increase. Although the energy consumption structure diversity index in Shaanxi is improving, while it is mainly due to the internal substitution of fossil energy, and the proportion of primary electricity and other energy sources is still relatively low, which leads to a higher output level of carbon emissions. The proportion of coal is positively correlated with carbon emissions in Shaanxi, and for every 1% increase in the proportion of coal, carbon emissions in Shaanxi increase by 11.087%, indicating that with the increase in the proportion of coal consumption in Shaanxi’s total energy consumption, carbon emissions are also increasing. Coal consumption is one of the main factors causing the increase in carbon emissions, excessive reliance on coal energy will lead to increase carbon emissions. Therefore, it is necessary to gradually reduce the proportion of coal consumption and pay more attention to reduce the carbon emissions of primary electricity and other energy sources in the process of optimizing the energy consumption structure. Meanwhile, it is somewhat surprising to find that energy use during non-rapid eye movement sleep remains at ∼85% of that in the waking state, while during rapid eye movement sleep it can be as high as in the waking state ( Dinuzzo and Nedergaard, 2017). At the same time, consciousness can be minimally sustained with energy use at only 42% of the level that occurs in healthy conscious individuals, suggesting that much cerebral metabolic activity in normal waking states does not directly contribute to consciousness ( Stender et al., 2016). Many anesthetic agents are thought to obliterate consciousness because they reduce the global rate of cerebral metabolism ( Hudetz, 2012). Administering ketamine, on the other hand, increases brain metabolism yet can still lead to loss of responsiveness ( Pai and Heining, 2007). Overall, it seems we find no clear correlation between the total amount of energy used by the brain, or the location where the energy is used, and the level of consciousness detectable in the person. Consciousness and the Organization of Energetic Processing in the Brain Although information theoretic tools were being used to analyze and interpret the data in these studies we should note that what was actually being detected by the experimental procedures was not information per se but the organization of energetic activity or processing in the brain. Energetic processing – the processes by which the brain regulates the flow of energy through its structures – is routinely detected at varying degrees of spatial and temporal resolution, either directly or indirectly, by neuroimaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET), functional magnetic resonance image (fMRI), and EEG ( Niedermeyer and Lopes da Silva, 1987; Bailey et al., 2005; Shulman, 2013). Referring again to the study by Casali et al. (2013), the perturbations from which the PCI was calculated were generated by a pulse of magnetic energy from the TMS and were imaged with EEG that measures electrical voltage differences, that is, fluctuations in energetic potentials between clusters of neurons in the cortex ( Niedermeyer and Lopes da Silva, 1987; Hu et al., 2009; Koponen et al., 2015). The PCI and wSMI can therefore be interpreted as measures of the complexity or organization of energetic processing in the brain during the experimental procedures.

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